Abstract

Crops are continuously threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses that affect world agriculture productivity. Biotic stress diseases caused by infectious microbes, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, as well as non-infectious factors, are referred to as “abiotic diseases” or “physiological disorders.” The damage caused by biotic agents and abiotic factors appear very similar, and observation of symptoms in physiological disorders often makes it difficult to diagnose. The identification could be a necessary step in managing the diseases. Biotic agents cause stress to deprive their host of nutrients, while abiotic stresses alter the interactions and enhance host plant susceptibility to pathogenic organisms. Biotic diseases sometimes show signs of the pathogen, while abiotic diseases don’t exhibit any visible signs of disease. Abiotic disorders can reduce plant health, kill plants, and affect farmers’ livelihoods, national economies and food security. Abiotic diseases/disorders arise from various factors that hinder plant growth and productivity worldwide. These include limited space for root growth, availability of air and water pollutants, temperature extremes, drought conditions, salinity, mineral toxicity, moisture presence, heat, light, soil pH, and nutrient availability. Plants’ stress with high salinity can disrupt the Na+/K+ ratio within the cytoplasm of the cell. Plants have developed various defense mechanisms to cope with abiotic stress, especially in their roots. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in signaling pathways that help plants respond to different stress conditions. Additionally, stress hormones interact with these pathways to regulate the plant’s physiological responses, promoting survival and adaptation in challenging environments. Understanding these interactions is vital for enhancing plant resilience to abiotic stressors. The abscisic acid primary hormone is involved in many abiotic stresses and biotic stress resistance in plants against disease. The biotic stress defense system in plants involves numerous signal transduction pathways like reactive oxygen and oxidative bursts increasing cell lignifications, and reducing host susceptibility. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene play crucial roles in biotic stress signaling. The biotic stress defenses in plants can morphological and structural barriers, chemical compounds, proteins and enzymes. In management practices, it can minimize damage caused by biotic stress factors, and the development of resistant genotypes to yield and quality losses. Molecular work in the plants, mechanisms can stop the different kinds of stress. The yield of vegetables is reducing gradually due to the presence of various factors which cause losses, therefore necessary to diagnose the abiotic and biotic stress that cause diseases/disorders in vegetable crops for management and enhanced productivity.

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