Indian Journal of Anatomy

 Background: The exocrine pancreas is of immense importance as regards carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. It comprises roughly 98% of the total volume of pancreas. The pancreas develops from two evaginations of the foregut – a dorsal and a ventral pancreatic bud. These buds fuse to form a single organ when the fetus is 12mm crown rump length. These buds give rise to tubules which differentiate into ducts. The primitive duct epithelium provides the stem cell population for all the secretory cells of the pancreas including the exocrine acini. The exact timing of appearance of various enzymes is not yet clear due to insufficient number of human studies. Research has revealed that neonatal pancreas does not show maturation as regards secretory capacity even though it acquired a mature morphological appearance. Also, any insult to the developing exocrine pancreas can result in a variety of exocrine insufficiencies. Purpose of study: It is a baseline study attempting to describe the sequential development of the parenchyma with particular focus on the cytogenesis of exocrine component. This knowledge will guide us in identifying any abnormalities during pre-natal development. Results: The exocrine acini developed from the lining epithelium of the tubules that arose as an evagination of the foregut endoderm. It was found that by 18 weeks of gestation the acinar cells showed evidence of zymogenic granules in the apical cytoplasm. By the 5th month of gestation, a mature morphological appearance was acquired by the fetal pancreas. Conclusion: Any factor that causes deviation from the normal development during this period will result in improper development. Potential implications: This knowledge will help in exploring any factors that result in abnormal development and hence, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Keywords: Acini; Developing; Exocrine; Morphological; Pancreas.  

 During routine dissection for the undergraduates on the posterior abdominal wall of a 65 year old indian male cadaver in AIIMS Raipur, we found a common trunk giving rise to celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery.  There was an intermesenteric arcade connecting the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The subjects with celiaco-mesenteric artery are asymptomatic but can present with: abdominal angina, aneurysms, median arcuate ligament syndrome, thrombosis. The incidence of celiacomesenteric trunk varies from 0.9 to 4%.

Keywords: Celiacomesenteric Trunk; Metamers; Aneurysms; Thrombosis. 

As the development progress communication between intra-embryonic gut and yolk sac narrows into a tube called vitellointestinal duct which becomes obliterated by 7th week. A wide variety of anomalies may occur as a result of the vitellointestinal duct failing to obliterate completely. Meckels diverticulum is the commonest while complete patent vitellointestinal duct is rarest malformation. We are presenting a case of patent vitellointestinal duct with umbilical fecal fistula.

Keywords: Patent Vitellointestinal Duct; Umbilical Granuloma; Diverticulum is. 

Context: In general, congenital heart defects are classified as single, complex and undifferentiated. Aim: The present study is reporting the types of congenital heart defects that were observed in 65 patients. Methods and Material: There were 33 males and 32 females and their age ranged from neonate to 16 years. For the gathered information, percentage analysis was calculated. Results: It is seen that congenital heart defects as single entity was present in 36 (55.5%) cases; complex in 14 (21.5%) and undifferentiated in 15 (23%). In 32 female patients, congenital heart defects as single were present in 21 (65.6%), complex in 5 (15.7%) and undifferentiated in 6 (18.7%); whereas they were 15 (45.4%), 9 (27.3%) and 9 (27.3%) respectively in male patients. In female, it is observed, that atrial and ventricular septal defects were 6 and 5; but in male they were 3 and 4. Patent foramen ovale and atrio ventricular canal defects were not observed in female and in the males, dextrocardia and coarctation of aorta were not seen. Conclusion: In the present study, even though for the total, the association could be elicited between the female patients and CHDs; in male patients the occurrence of the complex CHDs were associated. Genetic counseling for the diagnosis, recurrence risk and medical management are provided.

Keywords: Congenital; Atrial; Ventricular Septal; Dextrocardia.

Pattern of aortic arch branching may vary due to different embryological reasons. I report a variation from the classical branching of aortic arch in a 60-year old male cadaver during routine dissection. It is observed that the left subclavian artery arises from aortic arch and left common carotid artery and the right brachiocephalic trunk shares a common origin. (i.e., right subclavian artery and left common carotid artery shares a common origin). This study discusses the embryological basis for the anomalous branching and its clinical significance.

Keywords: Arch of Aorta; Brachiocephalic Trunk; Common Carotid Artery. 

 Background:Ergonomics is the science of designing the job to fit the worker, rather than physically forcing the worker’s body to fit the job [1]. Stature and hand and foot length plays role in development of various working places. Foot length plays important role while designing foot wear and stability.Moreover, there can be anthropometric variations in different geographical areas. Material and Method: 336 students were measured with 157 male and 179 female candidates. Result: Foot length with hand length is highly correlated with pearson correlation 0.77 for left side and 0.78 for right side. Conclusioin: Both hand length and foot length are linearly correlated with height of person. 

Key Words: Stature; Hand Length; Foot Length; Pearson Correlation; Ergonomics.

Introduction: Anatomy is one of the basic science disciplines in the medical undergraduate curriculum and forms the foundation for the training of future doctors. It not only involves a vast curriculum but for some students it is also a complex and dry subject. To make it interesting, a lot of educators are of the opinion that knowledge of Anatomy should be acquired in a situation resembling those in which it will be applied. MCI (Medical Council of India) in its ‘VISION 2015’, has introduced a restructured curriculum and training program for undergraduate teaching with emphasis on early clinical exposure, integration of basic and clinical sciences, clinical competence and skills and new teaching learning methodologies. This according to MCI, will lead to a new generation of medical graduates of global standards. In the present setup, in the undergraduate curriculum, students are exposed to clinical subjects only during the second year. However, it has been observed that students find it difficult to recollect essential basic concepts during clinical postings. To improve this scenario, it has become necessary to introduce the students to clinical problems within the first undergraduate year itself, as advocated by the MCI.  As medical education continues to advance, it is the endeavor of educators as well as MCI, to attempt to prepare students for their professional lives.  ECE (Early Clinical Exposure) will help students to develop a professional identity, increase motivation to learn, ensure well integrated knowledge of the basic sciences so as to retain knowledge better and even consider career options earlier. ECE also promotes self-directed learning and analytical skills in students. Conclusion: ECE is a useful method for a basic science like anatomy if it is taken up with the traditional teaching method. Anatomy will be better understood, retained and later practically applied, if learned in a clinically significant set-up.

Keywords: Anatomy; Basic Science; Medical Undergraduate Curriculum; Future Doctors; Medical Council of India; Early Clinical Exposure; Integration of Basic and Clinical Sciences; Clinical Competence and Skills; New Teaching Learning Methodologies. 

 An effort has been made to find correlation between breast cancer and the dermal ridge pattern of palm. The dermatoglyphic study was carried out on 50 patients of breast cancer and 50 normal persons as controls. The study was conducted in breast cancer patient attending indoor of surgery Department J.M.C Hospital, Jhalawar. Angle between lines draws from first and fourth interdigital triradii to Axial triradius is called ‘atd’ angle. It means angle between index finger triradius (a) and little finger triradius (d) to the axial triradius (t). More distal axial triradii is used if more than one axial triradii is present. They however do not change significantly thereafter, thus maintaining stability not greatly affected by age. The fingerprints could thus be used for screening or to guide future research in this direction and one day the screening of breast cancers could well be at our fingertips. The result showed a significant correlation between  angle pattern and breast cancer. It is therefore concluded that if the angle pattern is known, the breast cancer can be predicted.

Keywords: Breast Cancer; Dermatoglyphics; Angles (atd, tad, tda).

 Introduction: There is very less study on the cadaveric hip joint. There is some sort of difference seen in dry bone & cadaveric [wet] bone. Cadaveric studies on dimensions of articulating surfaces of hip joint have need to be much studied because they correlate well with surgical anatomy needed for operative procedures. Materials & Methods: 42 cadaveric hip joints with soft tissue in situ from various medical collegesin south Maharashtra region were studied. Dimensions of Acetabulum & Femoral head were obtained with Vernier scale. Conclusion: The depth of acetabulum was greater in males than females on both right and left side which was statically significant. Remaining parameters that is diameter of acetabulum, vertical and horizontal diameter of femoral head on both sides were greater in males than females but statistically insignificant.

Though in present study left hip joint parameters were greater than the right, yet they were statistically insignificant. Present study helps for prosthetics, orthopaedicians & forensic experts as it gives dimensions of the acetabulum & femoral head in present era.

Keywords: Cadaver; Acetabulum; Hip Joint; Vernier Scale.

Echocardiogram often referred to as cardiac echo or simply an echo, is a sonogram of heart. Echocardiography uses standard two-dimensional, three-dimensional and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart. It is a modern technique that allows the physician to evaluate the heart without inserting any tubes or wires. The present study is being done to see the location of chambers of heart in cadaveric specimens so as to contribute additional information to our existing knowledge to arrive at a diagnosis of various cardiac anomalies before any surgical interventions.

Keywords: Echocardiograph; Heart; Heart Chambers; Ventricles; Atria; Aorta. 

 Introduction: The placenta being the bridge between maternal and fetal activity,  is considered as a window through which understanding of various maternal disorders and their effect on fetal wellbeing can be obtained. Anemia in pregnancy constitutes a significant public health problem in developing countries. The objective was to assess the effect of maternal anemia on the morphometry of placenta and to correlate the analysis with fetal outcome. Material and Methods: The present study comprised of 151 cases admitted in obstetrics ward. Patients were divided into Control (101 cases) and Study groups as anemia group (50 cases). The placentas were studied in relation to its morphometric and macroscopic changes and their comparison with normal cases. The fetal parameters were also studied in the same cases and compared with normal cases. Results: The morphoSayee Rajangam metric parameters of placenta like weight, diameter and placental coefficient were significantly increased in anemia group compared to control group. Rest of the parameters like number of cotyledons, thickness was significantly lower in study group. Birth weight and head circumference of the newborn was significantly reduced in study group as compared to control group. Placental weight had significant correlation with birth weight of newborn. Discussion: Examination of the placenta can yield information that may be important in the immediate and later management of mother and infant. This information may also be essential for protecting the attending physician in the event of an adverse maternal or fetal outcome.  

Keywords: Placenta; Maternal Anemia; Fetal Outcome.