Indian Journal of Anatomy

Background: Anatomists and clinicians need to be aware about existence of muscle variation. The biceps femoris is the muscle of thigh having two heads. 

Methods and Material: During cadaveric dissection we got the muscle variation. The biceps femoris muscle shows variations in its origin bilaterally. Both right and left limbs were carefully and cleanly dissected. 

Results: In the upper portion of muscle, few fibers was diverged & directed medially, downwards and inferiorly, and joined with distal fibers of semitendinosus muscle. The length of these fibers was 8.2 cm on right and 7.6 cm on left side. Hence the muscle fibers diverging from long head of biceps femoris muscle, they look like additional head of biceps femoris. 

Conclusions: These fibers merges with semitendinosus, they may give strain in posterior compartment, compress sciatic nerve & strengthen semitendinosus muscle. These fibers may create misconceptions to clinicians and diagnostic experts.

Imperforate hymen is a rare condition, most commonly diagnosed among obstructive anomaly, with a incidence of less than 1%. It is an isolated anomaly that is seen due to failure of canalisation of urogenital sinus. It presents with primary amenorrhea, cyclical abdominal pains and may be with urine retention and it is observed at the age of puberty in girls. We present a case of 13 year old girl with imperforate hymen underwent hymenoplasty under general anesthesia for Hematocolpose and Hematometra, presented with abdominal pains on and off and tenesmus. On follow up the girl had started with normal menstruation.

During retrieving of skull bone from a known male cadaver of 44 years, excessive elongated styloid process was observed on both the sides of skull. The length of styloid process was same on both the sides i.e. 4.4 cm. It was concavo-convex and pointed. It was directed anteriorly, inferiorly and medially. Excessive elongated styloid process may create
pressure on facial nerve and external and or internal carotid artery which causes pain in cervicofacial region and sometimes it is asymptomatic. Surgical resection of styloid process is required if elongated styloid process is associated with severe symptoms.

Introduction: The supraorbital margin is interrupted at it’s lateral two third and medical third by the supraorbital notch/foramen. The supraorbital notch/ foramen transmits the supraorbital artery, vein and nerve. The surgeon should have knowledge of precise location and difference in prevalance of SON/SOF in order to reduce the risks while performing clinical procedures. Materials and Methods: In the present study 112
skulls were studied. Each skull was examined at it’s supraorbital margin on both sides for presence of SON/SOF. The prevalance of bilateral, unilateral SON/SOF was calculated, presence of accessory SOF
and shape of SOF were also noted. The distance of SON/SOF from nasal midline, Frontozygomatic suture, Infraorbital foramen was calculated by using digital vernier calliper in millimeters. Results: The present study concluded that the frequency of occurrence of SON (66.07%) was more than that of SOF (33.92%). Bilateral SON we’re found in 51.78% and bilateral SOF were found in 17.85% of skulls. Unilateral presence of SON/SOF were noted in 34 skulls. 14.28% of cases showed presence of accessory SOF. The average distance between nasal midline, FZS, IOF and SON/SOF was 22.39–22.40
mm, 30.89–30.53 mm, 39.27-39.45 mm respectively on right and left side. Conclusion: The present study provides detail information regarding prevalance of SON/SOF and it’s exact position by calculating theaverage distance between SON/SOF from nasal midline, frontozygomatic suture, infraorbital foramen. This data is very essential during various diagnostic, therapeutic, anaesthetic and surgical procedures.

Introduction: The Bicipital groove (BG) remains controversial regarding its morphology. The primary objective of this study was to elucidate the detailed gross morphology of BG in an adult Indian population. Method: 124 unpaired dry humeri (58 right side and 66 left) were studied and measured for various parameter such as length, width and depth of the
bicipital using digital vernier caliper in anatomy aboratory of our institution. The data were expressed in mean ± SD and statistically compared between right and left sides of bicipital groove. Results: The mean length, width and depth of the bicipital groove were 85.50 ± 4.84 mm, 7.5 ± 2.0 mm and 4.6 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. There was no
statistically significant difference in these parameters between the left and right sides. A supratubercular ridge of Meyer was seen in 27% of the humeri. Conclusion: Morphometric knowledge of BG is significant in functional and clinical setup for better understanding of wide range of movements in upper extremities and it’s predispose dislocation of tendon of biceps.

Introduction: In the lower limb, Dorsalispedis artery is the main artery for blood supply to the food and nowe have come to know that there exists many anatomical variations in the dorsalispedis. Still, there is limited anatomical evidence available regarding the branches of the dorsalispedis artery, which occur at the point at which they cross the ankle joint. Objectives: The objective of the study was to study
the anatomical variations in the dorsalispedis artery of foot Materials and Methods: We conducted our study in the department of anatomy in a tertiary medical college and dissected a total of 25 cadaveric feet to
explore the course of the dorsalispedis artery while paying attention to the branching pattern at the joint line. Results: After careful dissection, we found that Fourteen of the twenty five feet had a branch of the
dorsalispedis artery that crossed the level of the ankle joint. Out of these, nine were lateral, four medial and one bilateral. Eleven of the fourteen specimens had one branch at, or just before, the level of the joint. Two specimens had two branches and one had three branches crossing the ankle, which were all in the same direction. Conclusions: We came to the conclusion that there is a high rate of branching of the dorsalispedis artery at the level of the ankle joint.
Keywords: Dorsalispedis artery, Anatomical variations.

Introduction: The success of any transplant lies in the surgeon’s ability to preserve its vascular supply and its rapid reconstruction, especially in free vascularized bone grafts, which preserve viability of osteocytes, act as space filler and introduce a new vascular bed for the reconstruction of defects following trauma, tumour resection, congenital pseudoarthrosis and any cases of difficult non-union bones. 

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to: To determine the number and position of the nutrient foramina in the upper and lower limb long bones. To determine the location and direction of nutrient canal. To determine whether the nutrient foramina obey the general rule that is directed away from the growing end of long bone. 

Material and Methods: The present study is carried out on 150 human cleaned and dried bones of the Upper limb. The samples were taken from Narayana Medical College, Chinthareddypalem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The long bones included
for the study was as follows: Femur– 50, Tibia– 50, Fibula– 50. All the bones that were taken for the study were normal and had no pathological changes were present. The age and the sex of the bone were unknown. In all these bones after determining the side of bone, the “Nutrient Foramen” were studied in regards with. (1) The number of foramina on the shaft of the bone. (2) Surface on which it was located. (3) Direction from growing end. (4) Location in relation with length of the shaft. 

Observation and Results: Total 150 long bones of Lower limb of right and left side of unknown age and sex were taken for the study. The parameters studied were depending on the number of nutrient foramina, direction of foramina and their distribution at various levels. The results and observations of the study are presented as tables. 

Conclusion: Importance of nutrient foramen is relevant to fracture treatment. Combined periosteal and medullary blood supply to the bone cortex helps to explain the success of nailing of long bones fractures particularly in the weight bearing like femur and tibia uses of vascularised fibula bone in bony defects due to trauma. Currently, the detailed study of blood supply to long bone is a determining factor for the success of newer techniques and resection in orthopedics.

Background: The persistence of complete metopic suture is called as metopism. The metopic suture is formed at the meeting of the two halves of the frontal bone, in the midline. The fusion of metopic suture starts normally in the second year of life and within a short duration, gets completely obliterated. The time of the closure of metopic suture varies from one to eight years and it can persist until adult age. 

Aims and Objectives: To study the incidence of metopism and its clinical importance. 

Materials and Methods: The present study was carried on 105 dry adult human skulls of both sexes obtained during routine undergraduate teaching. The skulls with complete Metopic suture were selected and studied. 

Results: In the present study the incidence of complete Metopic suture is 2.85% (out of 105). 

Conclusion: Awareness of the incidence of persistent metopic suture is important for anatomists, neurosurgeons, radiologists and forensic specialists.
 

Introduction: Anthropology plays an important role in various medicolegal aspects; apart from determination of Age, Sex and Race of individual, stature is also one of the important parameter of identification various civil and criminal cases. Therefore efforts have been made to determine association between stature and length of clavicle if any.

Materials and Methods: The present research was carried out in department of Anatomy JNMC Sawangi (M) Wardha; was conducted on total 50 Male individual of age 17–24. The length was calculated with the help of osteometric callipers for clavicles from anatomical landmarks and stature was calculated in centimetres. 

Conclusion: From present research it was concluded that the length of clavicle and stature reveals positivecorrelation and the linear relationship between the living stature and length of clavicle of each side was carried out in the form of regression equation.

Introduction: Abnormalities of great vessels of heart, especially arch of aorta, are of embryological interest and have already been described in many text books of anatomy. The embryological development of aortic arch is very complex that finally results in the formation of three branches: 1) brachiocephalic trunk 2) left common carotid artery and 3) left subclavian artery. In the present study we have found a case of abnormal aortic arch giving rise to four branches and also ligamentum arteriosum. We also found three more cases of ligamentum arteriosum. During the foetal life, Ductus arteriosus provides communication between pulmonary and systemic circulations. This normal anatomical structure closes soon after birth and undergoes fibrosis which is
termed as ligamentum arteriosum that persists up to 3 months of post natal life.

 Aims and Objectives: The clinicians and surgeons should be aware of wide range of congenital anomalies of great vessels of heart during the management of such cases. Therefore the present study focuses on reporting of such cases to reduce the risk of iotrogenic injuries. 

Materials and Methods: We had studied 80 embalmed cadavers for a period of 3 years for the presence of anomalous great vessels of heart. 

Results: We have found four hearts with anomalous great vessels. One of the hearts had abnormal aortic arch that had given rise to four branches. It also had persistent ligamentum arteriosum. In the other three cases, we found only persistent ligamentum arteriosum. 

Conclusion: Knowledge of variations in great vessels of heart is important for the practitioners to reduce the disastrous vascular complications.

Introduction: Pterion is irregularly H shape confluence of sutures on norma lateralis. It is an anthropological landmark situated in the floor of temporal fossa. Anterior division of middle meningeal artery is related to and commonly injured in trauma at pterion. Keeping in mind clinical and anthropological importance of pterion study was conducted. 

Aims and Objectives: To study sutural pattern of pterion based on Murphy’s classification. To locate the pterion above zygomatic arch and behind frontozygomatic suture. Material and Methods: 56 dry human skulls of
known sex preserved by Anatomy Department, Government medical college Aurangabad were studied for pterion pattern. Location of pterion studied from midpoint of zygomatic arch to midpoint of pterion on both sides and mean is calculated for distance from frontozygomatic suture also. Distance is measured using digital vernier caliper having 0.01
mm accuracy. 

Results: : Percentage of pattern of pterion in present study is; Sphenoparietal 69.64% Epipteric bone 23.21%, Stellate 4.46% and Frontotemporal 2.68%. Mean distance of pterion in females is 3.8 cm from zygomatic arch and from frontozygomatic suture is 2.91cm. In males it is 3.87 cm and 2.92cm respectively.

Conclusion: Sphenoparietal type of pterion is most frequent type of pterion in present study. Sutural pattern and location may vary in two sides in same subjects. Knowledge of morphology and distance of pterion from frontozygomatic suture and zygomatic arch is important for anthropologists, radiologists and neurosurgeons.As skull is thinnest at pterion ,it is useful in pterional approach in neurosurgery.

Background: Cadaveric dissection is an important experience for every medical student. However a first year student goes through a variety of responses on exposure to cadaveric dissection. Aim: This study was undertaken to note the various attitudes of first year M.B.B.S. student.

Methods: Questionnaires were administered to willing candidates out of 250 first M.B.B.S. students to determine attitude of students to cadaveric dissection. Result: 22.14% had recurrent thoughts of the cadaver during the first week of dissection. 5.1% had thoughts about leaving the course in the first week. These thoughts decreased to 0% after 8 weeks of dissection. 85.11% students felt that interaction with Anatomy teachers helped them to emotionally cope with the stress. Conclusion: We conclude that cadaveric dissection is an indispensible learning tool of medical education. Better student staff interaction will help the student
cope with stress of first year curriculum.

Background: The increasing application of sophisticated electro-physiological & radiological methods for the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal disorders requires an extensive knowledge of the size and proportions of the human larynx & its cartilaginous components.
Aims: The present study was done to know the morphometric features of Thyroid and Cricoid cartilages in adult males and females by CT method in South Indian population and to compare with other studies. 

Materials and Methods: The present study was done on 62 (31 Male, 31 Female) patients undergoing CT neck attending the Department of Radiology, KR
Hospital attached to Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore for a period of 1 year from Jan 2014 to Dec 2014. In the Computerized Tomography of Neck measurements of Thyroid & Cricoid cartilages were taken. The following measurements were taken for Thyroid cartilage, thyroid angle, maximum thyroid width, median antero-posterior diameter, anteroposterior length of right and left lamina. And for Cricoid cartilage antero-posterior and transverse diameter, thickness of Arch and thickness of Lamina were measured. Results: In both thyroid and cricoid cartilages the mean values of all parameters were correspondingly higher in males except for angle between thyroid laminae which was more in females. Mean thyroid angle in males was 75.43 ± 12.09 and females 89.87 ± 12.79. Mean thyroid width in males was 40.81 ± 5.98 and females 35.52 ± 4.84. Mean median anteroposterior length in males was 29.45 ± 4.57 and females 28.7 ± 4.63. Mean antero-posterior length of right lamina in males was 36.90 ± 5.12 and females 28.7 ± 4.63. Mean antero-posterior length of left lamina in males was 38.4 ± 4.17 and females 28.8 ± 4.17. Mean antero-posterior length of Cricoid cartilage in males was 27.5 ± 2.84. Mean transverse diameter in males was 27.27 ± 2.36 & females 20.89 ± 2.06. Mean thickness of arch in males was 1.96 ± 0.84 & females 1.94 ± 0.9. Mean thickness of lamina in males was 4.24 ± 1.31 & females 4.51 ± 1.18. Conclusion: These morphological differences have important clinical and surgical implications. They are critical to the accurate placement of needles and probes in laryngeal electro myography and
vocal cord injection, medialization procedures, in performing supraglottic laryngectomy, as well as precise planning of laryngeal framework surgery.

Introduction: Abdominal aorta and its major branches supply oxygenated blood to all the organs in abdominal cavity and lower limbs. Ventral branches of abdominal aorta supply the gastrointestinal tract. Anatomical knowledge of the abdominal aorta and its branches is important not only to determines flow dynamics but also crucial in understanding pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Aim: To measure the External diameters of ventral branches of abdominal aorta (coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery) at
it’s origin Material and Method: The study was carried out on 60 adult cadavers over a period of 2 years. Measurement of external diameters of ventral branches of abdominal aorta was taken with the help
of digital vernier calliper. Result: The mean external diameter of coeliac
trunk, SMA, IMA at its origin is 0.64 ± 0.08 cm, 0.77 ± 0.07 cm, 0.37 ± 0.06 cm respectively. Conclusion: The knowledge of normal arterial
diameters in a specific population is of great importance in order to make correct and precise radiological diagnosis of arterial aneurysms.

 

Context: The Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) gives good indicator of quality of Health care available to mother and new-born. As the PMR varies from one region to another region in Kerala and across the
country, there is need to study the prevalence of PMR along with causative factors to know the quality of health care system of that region. Aim: to find out the Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) and factors influencing the PMR among Wayanad population in tertiary care center for the past three years from 2016 to 2019. Settings and Design: This was retrospective study which was conducted in DMWIMS from 2016 to 2018 after taking Institutional Ethical Committee clearance. Methods and Material: In this study we collected the number deaths of babies between 28 weeks of gestation and 1st week after delivery from OBG and pediatrics NICU register and later we calculated the PMR from 2016, 2017, 2018 by using formula. The causes for still birth/IUD and early neonatal deaths were noted and entered in Excel sheet. Statistical Analysis Used: This risk factors were analyzed and the results was depicted in percentages and bar graphs using the SPSS software version 16. Results: In the present study the PMR was 25.17/1000
live births in 2016, 15.93/1000 live births in 2017 and 11.4/1000 live births in 2018 among the deliveries conducted in DMWIMS hospital. The prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome was most common cause of early neonatal death were as low birth weight with Abruptio placenta were the common cause of Still birth/ IUD. Conclusions: This decrease in trend of PMR across the year was due to proper antenatal care,
intrapartum care and provision of critical care units like NICU from the trained and experienced staff in both Pediatrics, Obstretrics and Gynaecology Department in this Tertiary care centre in Wayanad.