Indian Journal of Anatomy

The pineal gland was remained and unexplained inexplicable and the last of the endocrine gland to be discovered by the scientists, hence long considered odd and mystifying. Still it is not fully understood as some underground secret of the pineal gland is still a bit of mystery and yet to be clear. Although medical science has immeasurably progressed, even then there are a few things and some mysterious facts about this critical organ the pineal gland we might not have known. The evidence from the structural and developmental biology suggests that pinealocytes possess a common evolutionary predecessor with the retinal cells. It collects information related to light through the eye and then the melatonin produced by the pineal gland directs hormonal messages to the various parts of the body. The pineal gland is recognized today as performing a great part in controlling all aspect of human functions as the regulator of regulators. It establishes our sleep-wake cycles and regulates the major physical processes like growth, metabolism and sexual development by releasing and controlling the hormones. Apart from its documented special effects on reproductive system, body growth, body temperature, blood pressure, motor activity, sleep, tumor growth, mood and the immune system, it also seems to be a definitive factor in longevity. The calcified pineal gland by disturbing the circadian rhythm affects the nature and the quality of the sleep; reduces mental performance, sexuality and cognitive functioning; and finally makes the body prone to disease and disturbed overall personality. Decalcification of the pineal gland is an imperative part of our awakening and development; as doing so intensifies our perception and awareness of realism and for higher mental performance. Also it is very important and necessary for all the achievers interested in a state of mastery and blissful life; and seeking to be converted into more evolved humans.

Introduction: One-Minute Preceptor (OMP) model was first introduced by Neher et al1 in 1999 as “Five Step Micro skill Model” of teaching learning for the clinicians having busy ambulatory clinics. Although the model is conceptually sound, it remains largely untested. So present study have been conducted in identification and interpretation of routine histology slides of Anatomy among undergraduate students to assess the effectiveness of this model over that of the traditional model. Aim: To study the utility of One minute preceptor as a teaching method for the students of Anatomy. Objectives: 1. To sensitize the students for One minute perception. 2. To sensitize the faculty members to one minute perception. 3. To assess the perception of the faculty and the students for this new teaching method. Methodology: With prior approval of ethical committee, Orientation Programme on OMP teaching learning was conducted to introduce the concept of “One Minute Preceptor” for the faculty as well as the students. Perception evaluation of the students to OMP method was done from checklist of pretest and post-test performance through observation (Likert scale). Effectiveness of the OMP method was judged by comparing the performance of the students in Pre-test and Post-test. Wilcoxon sign rank test was used. P value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Perception evaluation of the faculty was done by taking their feedback. Results: OMP proved to be useful for the students in improving presentation skills, involvement in decision making, reasoning behind decision making, providing positive feedback as ‘p’ value was highly significant for it. Most of the faculty members strongly agreed that OMP is feasible, useful and an effective tool which improves teaching skills, helps identify specific lacunae in learner’s understanding. However, they also felt that it was more time consuming but not cumbersome. It must also be mentioned that all the faculty members were willing to adopt OMP as a teaching methodology. Conclusion: All the 30 students showed satisfaction at the end of OMP session. OMP proved to be useful in improving presentation skills, involvement in decision making, reasoning behind decision making, providing positive feedback as p value was highly significant for it. .As it was a new teaching methodology students were apprehensive initially but with repeated sessions students showed enthusiasm and were eager to continue OMP sessions in future for histology and other subheads of Anatomy. It must also be mentioned that all the faculty members were willing to adopt OMP as a teaching methodology.

Introduction: Pancreas is a mixed gland with exocrine and endocrine components. Arterial supply comprises of branches from coeliac trunk and from Superior Mesenteric Artery [SMA]. The frequency of complications can be reduced by refining the surgical techniques and detailed knowledge of the regional anatomy of pancreas, including collateral circulation which formed the basis for our study. Materials and methods: After obtaining ethical committee approval, we observed the pattern of blood supply of pancreas in 40 cadavers, kept for undergraduate dissection in Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences and Rohilkand Medical College and Hospital during 2018-2020. Results: Of the 40 cadavers, we observed following variations in 2 different cadavers. 1. Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery took origin from a common stem along with first jejunal artery from SMA. 2. Double inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery. One took origin from superior mesenteric artery [usual] and the other from second jejunal artery.

Background: Superficial perineal nerve (SPN): It is the nerve of lateral compartment of leg. It is one of the two terminal branches of the common perineal nerve given at the neck of the fibula, it arises in the substance of peroneus longus on the lateral side of the neck of fibula. Methods: A dissection was done in ten lower extremities (five from femaleand five from male) that had been well-maintained in a formalin arrangement. The subcutaneous layer was cautiously dissected in every preparation so that distortion of neural structures and their connections would be maintained a strategic distance from quite far. When the nerve structures had been recognized, the accompanying estimations were done: a) distance (in millimeters) from the upper end of the fibular head to the lower prominence of the lateral malleolus; b) number of branches from SPN when it arises through the superficial sural belt; c) distance (in millimeters) from the SPN rise highlight to the lateral malleolus; d) distance (in millimeters) from the SPN division to the lateral malleolus. Results: There were two primary discoveries from these dissections. To begin with, we noticed varieties in the quantity of branches passing through superficialanterior fascia of the leg. A few cases indicated a solitary trunk rise, later partitioning into two branches, while others demonstrated two diverse recently separated cutaneous branches. Second, in both anatomical sorts, a checked variety was seen in the relative distance from the lateral malleolus, emerging at a low, medium or elevated level. Regarding the compartment from which the SPN pierces the superficial fascia, the contrast between single-trunk and two branches ought to be considered. Conclusion: The information got appear to be adequately dependable for normal clinical practice, however it must be considered that successive and significant varieties may happen.

Introduction: The scapula is a large flat, triangular bone which lies on the posterolateral aspect of the chest wall having suprascapular notch (SSN), a variable depression on the superior border of scapula, near the root of coracoid process. The SSN is converted into a foramen by the superior transverse scapular (suprascapular) ligament, it is sometimes ossified. The suprascapular nerve traverses the foramen and is the main site for injury and entrapment of the nerve. Anatomical variations of the SSN are a possible cause of nerve entrapment. So the objective of the present study was to see variations in the shape of Suprascapular notch on gross examination. Materials and Methods: 150 dried human scapulae were studied in the department of Anatomy of Govt. Medical College. The Scapulae were examined for different shapes of SSN including absence of notch. Results: Out of total 150 scapulae 28% scapulae had indentation at the site of Suprascapular notch most common variation. 25.33% had U shaped notch, 20% had J shaped notch, 8% had V shaped notch. Absence of notch was also noted. Conclusion: In our study indented notch is most common, which has a lower chance of nerve entrapment as compared to V shaped notch, which is least common in our study. Detail knowledge of SSN variations may be essential for surgeons performing suprascapular nerve decompression.

Morpho–metrical and stereological analysis of human fetal kidney during mid-gestation period ranging from 12th to 35th weeks of gestation to study growth pattern of kidney in qualitative and quantitative aspects. Aims and objective: Carry out Morpho-metrical Analysis of human fetal kidney during midgestation period ranging from 12th to 35th week and evaluating following parameters: a. Physical dimensions and weight of each kidney. b. Glomerular area for each kidney at different gestational ages. c. The numerical density of glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney at different gestational ages. d. Volume of glomeruli in the 3 different zones of each kidney at different gestational ages. Methods: For study purpose we divided 31 aborted fetuses into six groups according to gestational age. After measuring external parameters such as CRL of fetuses; they were injected with 10% formalin and fixed in 10% formalin for 3 days. Kidneys were procured; physical dimensions, volume and weight of kidney were measured. After tissue processing, blocks were cut; sections were mounted and H&E stained. Using software analyzer density, area, volume of glomeruli at three different zones i.e. cortex, juxtramedullary and medullary regions were calculated. Glomerular area and volume of cortical, juxtamedullary and medullary region for each kidney at different gestational ages was estimated by measuring the area and volume of 100 glomeruli per fetal kidney under 20X objective lens of image analyzer. Comparison was done for three different zones.

Introduction: The mean age of menarche has become younger this century. Primary amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of menses by 13 years of age when there is no visible secondary sexual characteristic development or by 15 years of age in the presence of normal secondary sexual characteristics. In all cases of primary amenorrhoea, there is a need to determine the sex chromatin pattern in the nuclei of epithelial cells obtained by buccal scrapings. Aims and objectives: To study the sex chromatin among patients of primary amenorrhoea and their first degree relatives. Materials and Methods: 32 patients having primary amenorrhoea along with their first degree relatives were studied (total 64). Buccal scrapings were taken from both the patient and relative and stained with Giemsa stain for study of various parameters like presence or absence, number, size, shape and staining intensity of Barr body. Results: Total numbers of patients studied were 32. 56.25% of the patients were negative for sex chromatin. 37.5% of the patients had absent Barr bodies in their cells. The shape of Barr body was found to be planoconvex in all patients and relatives. 1 patient was found to have a smaller sized Barr body and 1 had a larger sized one. The staining intensity of Barr body was equally dark in both patients and their first degree relatives. Mean % of Barr bodies among patients was 13.41 ± 14.30% (p value <0.0001, HS). Conclusion: Primary amenorrhoea is an extremely stressful problem for a young girl and her parents. The clinician should handle the case with great sensitivity. Patient awareness and proper counselling of parents is of great importance regarding the treatment options available and the need of follow up.