Indian Journal of Agriculture Business

 Deficiency to sufficiency’ has been the much touted slogan in Indian dairying since it decided to traverse a path of organized development during the plan periods. With meager resources in terms of holding of land and livestock assets and other endowment, the milk producers have demonstrated their capabilities to accelerate milk production under a favourable policy regime. Today, India is the largest producer of milk in the World. Nearly two-thirds of India’s population derives their livelihoods from livestock and specifically from dairying directly and indirectly. Policy changes in the 1990s favouring liberalisation and globalization was aimed at effecting structural transformation in the national economy. The challenge is now that how could we make strategy, preferring a short-term reactive approach over a more coherent long term sustainable approach towards inclusive growth, a laid out policy framework in our planned development. The challenge is also that how could India plan to re-boot its economic growth model by moving from an external market-led approach to one with internal consumerism with a new focus on developing service industries to foster growth and development. India’s urbanization has been driving growth without risking social security, shifting to more market-based interest rate and currency systems, reining in the state-owned enterprises that could impede innovation and making noise about curbing pollution. It could open up to foreign capital inflows for developing back end infrastructure facilities without harming the dairy cooperatives, which are striving to expand and strengthen their network to
protect the interests of small dairy farmers for sustainable inclusive growth. It must open up completely too foreign capital inflows for developing the back end infrastructure facility creation instead to enjoy or break the old age Dairy Cooperatives motto, which need to expand and strengthen their network to protect the interests of small dairy farmers. It must do so on an ex-post basis that can be justified with legitimate national interest arguments rather than on an ex-ante basis that prevents flow of fund from coming into the extent it can and wants to.

Keywords: Globalization; Livestock; Urbanization; Consumerism.

Biotechnology is a modern science with old roots. It can be considered a game changer in many ways as it has inherent solutions for many hurdles modern society is facing today. One of the most important branches of Biotechnology is Green or Agro-biotechnology, which is the application of biotechnological tools and techniques to genetically improve organisms, crops
for the betterment of ever burgeoning population. Green biotechnology holds promise in producing crops with high yields and nutritional content, insect resistance, longer shelf life, and various other traits like production of vaccines (edible vaccines), monoclonal antibodies phytoremediation and so on. Biotech crops are supposed to need lesser water, fertilizers, herbicides, almost nil tillage requirement, lesser need to spray so less fuel consumption, reduced CO 2 and N2O emissions. Inspite of all these advantages, the acceptance of genetically modified plants have become mired in controversies regarding their safety, applicability and their effects on the environment. This review deals with various positive and negative aspects of green biotechnology, trying to shed an unbiased light on the actual scenario because this technology actually has the potential to feed millions of poverty stricken, undernourished people on the earth. How far this goal is reached, still remains to be seen.  

 Broilers are reared in various production systems. The three important aspects of light which play a pivotal role in determining the production performance of broilers are intensity, duration and colour. It has been noted that broilers grow better during constant photoperiod while darkness is important for the welfare of the birds. Further, Broilers under blue or green light become significantly heavier than those reared under red or white light. Thus, it is necessary that a particular lighting program considering production and welfare concerns may be standardized and followed for optimum production performance in broiler operation 

Keywords: Broilers; Photoperiod; Light Intensity; Scotophase.

 Bioterrorism can be described as hazardous effects produced due to the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. They may be naturally occurring bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form. Bioagents are readily available in the modern world and are relatively inexpensive to produce, store and transport from one country to another and can affect livestock health & productivity. The increased bioterrorism is due to the advances in biotechnology, the increased availability of dual-use materials and the ease of transporting biological agents across borders. Bio-security is implementation of measures to prevent the introduction of infectious agents into a healthy population of animals or limit the spread of disease by adopting isolation, traffic control, sanitation, vaccination, serological monitoring of diseases and air quality etc. The bioterrorism has significance not only in livestock but also indirectly affecting the human health and safety hence it is important to bring awareness on bioterrorism.

Keywords: Bioterrorism; Bacteria; Viruses; Toxins; Vaccination; Serological monitoring.

 The early and on-site detection of pathogen is of utmost important as far as rapid diagnosis of disease is concerned. We also need to be prepared for the reemerging diseases of livestock. The conventional methods of pathogen detection like immunoassays, PCR needs to be replaced with a very accurate, highly specific, on the door, rapid methods as the biosensors does. A lot of research work is being carried out all over the world to develop various biosensor techniques for early detection of veterinary pathogens. The success of this technique lies in their validation and commercialization. It can be a great aid to the veterinarian and scientist to diagnose and control the outbreaks. However, many hurdles still need to be cleared before transferring this technology from the laboratory to the field. 

Keywords: Biosensor; Bioreceptors; Transducers; Pathogens. 

 The greatest handicap in guava plantation is discriminate multiplication and non-availability of quality planting material that adversely affect the guava production and productivity. The initial planting material is basic requirement on which the final crop depends both in quality and quantity. In view of the high return and the potential for processing, there is a tremendous scope for bringing substantial additional area under guava crop in India. Therefore, rapid methods of propagation become very important when planting materials are limited due to scarcity of clone or varieties or due to sudden expansion in acreage. Thus, it has become imperative to standardize the time and propagation methods for guava under open conditions. A comprehensive work done in India and abroad on propagation studies in guava have been reviewed under different techniques for guava propagation. 

Keywords : Guava; Propagation Techniques; Quality Planting Material.

 Nutrigenomics is a branch of nutritional genomics and is the study of the effects of foods and food constituents on gene expression. involve scientific understanding of human or animal genomic/genetic contributions and responses to diet/feed. The nutrigenomics considers how things in diet influence individuals genome, and how this interaction modifies phenotype, i.e., how diet alters biological systems to promote either health or disease. Nutrigenetics, on the other hand, aims to figure out how any one of us is genetically programmed to respond in a particular way to a given dietary nutrient. Application of nutrigenomics could help enhance our understanding of how nutrition influences various biological pathways and homeostatic control; how this regulation is disturbed in the early phase of diet-related/deficiency diseases and to what extent individual genetic makeup contribute to such diseases. Numerous studies in humans, animals, and cell cultures have demonstrated that macronutrients, micronutrients and naturally occurring bioreactive chemicals regulate gene expression in diverse ways. Although relatively new technologies, the various genomics applications searching for new biomarkers already have found their way to many nutritional applications. Nutrigenomics can be used to identify the specific markers to manipulate gene expression through use of nutrients or their combinations so as to improve productive as well as overall animal performance. Nutrigeonmics will be a path breaking tool through identification of pathways and candidate genes responsible for dietary induced diseases and ultimately reduction in production losses due to these diseases in animals.

Keywords: Broiler; Genome; Metabolome; Markers; Nutrigenomics.

 Precision Animal Nutrition, is to provide the animal with the feed that precisely meet its nutritional requirements for optimum production efficiency, produce better quality livestock products and contribute to the cleaner environment and thereby ensure profitability. It is to enhance the production efficiency along with production of quality produces for the end users contributing to economical and cleaner environment. The use of strategies such as accurate feed formulation, restricted use of dietary proteins, strategic supplementation of essential nutrients, use of feed additives, feeding of total mixed ration, proper monitoring of dry matter intake and feed-bunk management, use of diagnostic techniques for early detection of diseases, least cost ration formulation and manure analysis etc. will ensure the accomplishment of the objectives of precision feeding.

Keywords: Precision; Feeding; Nutrition; Animal.

 The present study entitled “Problems of women in Agriculture” was carried in two distances Hamirpur and Kanpur to assess the problems of women farmers. Thus selected total 120 respondents and 60 respondents were selected from each district. Out of Out of total respondents 44.2 per cent respondents belonged to 50 years and above age group. 40.8 per cent respondents were educated up to primary level. 85.0 per cent respondents were belonged to Hindu religion, 45.0 per cent belonged to OBC group, 50.8 per cent respondents were doing agriculture. 59.2 per cent respondents have lived in pukka house. 63.3 per cent has nuclear family in which 50.8 per cent respondents have belonged to medium family size. 34.27 per cent respondents belonged to those families whose annual income was between 3 lacks to 4.5 lacks and above, 57.5 per cent respondents having 2.5 to 5 acres (marginal farmers). After studying women have faced many problems higher number of women have faced seasonal problems, women faced dehydration problem in summer season with 3.82 mean value, fungal infection in rainy season with 3.9 mean score value and common cold in winter season with 3.77 mean score value. Women found health hazards by pesticide with 3.89 mean score. Some women have instant allergic reaction with 3.7 mean score. Cutting tools create problem many a time with 2.67 mean score. Women were faced back pain with 3.7 mean score. Women were faced snake and insect bites with 3.44 mean score. Many women faced problem of irritation of the eyes with 3.75 mean score. And many have bacterial infection problem with 3.58 mean score value. And most of the women have being affected by some health problems while workings in agriculture with
4.00 mean score value. Further, studying causes of problems, it was found that causes of seasonal
problems that high temperature is the most affecting causes of summer with o.95 mean score, high humidity climate causes of rainy season problem with 1.87 mean score and cold winds cause to of winter season problem with 1.83 mean score. Many women have faced various physical problems due to prolonged mono-static body gesture with 1.76 mean score. And diseases by agrochemicals are very minute molecules and they can enter very easily in
respiratory or 2 digestive system through water, food, respiration etc. so those problems of infected water due to agro-chemicals with 1.59 mean score. Biological agents and vector problem also having a vital effect on human health due to insect is high with 2.52 mean score. Improper use of sharp tools and farm machineries causes injuries with 1.65 mean score value. Fumes as largest causes of respiratory system problem with 1.88 mean score and straw and dust as major causes of irritation of the eyes with 1.84 mean score value. And most of the women farmers faced many health problems due to malnutrition with 2.65 mean score value. From the study it was concluded that mostly women farmers faced various problems while working in agriculture.

Keywords: Marginal farmers; Malnutrition; Agrochemicals.

 The mobile phone can help farmers in making right decision at right time sustainable growth agriculture activities and also help in gathering, analyzing and disseminating information in agricultural sector is enhancing farming productivity. This study has provided a first look at potential of information in affecting the agriculture sector as a whole. The study has reported farmers able to get information through mobile phone, use among the farming community. It is helpful adoption of new farming practices and action taken on received information may be able to enhance effectiveness, efficiency, reach among farmers and reduced risk through get information on weather trends information, pest and diseases management, marketing information help farmer market to corrects decisions over all farming activities. 

Keywords: Former; Mobile Phone; Agriculture Role.

 In India, seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.) grows naturally in high altitude areas of cold desert Himalayas, spread over 75,000 Sq. km area in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Fruit is very reach in phyto- nutrients and has potential in health food, cosmetic and drug industries. Plant is also a useful fuel wood, fodder and soil binder and a life line of the tribal people of Himachal Pradesh even then this plant was neglected due to unawareness of its economics. Keeping this backdrop in view the present study has been investigated through 40 farmers for base– line survey for the year 209-10, 56 orchardists who planted plants in 2010-11, 48 orchardists who planted plants in 2011-12, seven farmers started growing fodder in seabuckthorn orchards, two processing units in Lahual –Spiti district of Himacchal Pradeh, five processing units in Leh district of (J&K), one semi- processing units in Kullu district of HP and two semiprocessing units out side HP i. e. Haryana & Delhi. Based upon the results of the study, the pertinent findings indicate that existing area under seabuckthorn was less than 1 per cent of the total geographical area, whereas as 5.2 per cent of the total cultivated area on an average farms and its share in farm income was only 1.05 per cent of the gross farm income (Rs. 3,14, 028 ) indicates potential for improvement. Benefit- cost ratio (BCR) in nursery raising ranged between 1.51 to 2.10. However, it was 3.26 in full life span period of the seabuckthorn orchards plus fodder crop (tall fescue, red clover and Lucerne grass) and 6.04 at full bearing stage of the orchard and fodder i. e. after 6thyear of the plantation of plants. On an average per quintal loss borne by Lahaul (HP) processing units was Rs. 2,957. Whereas, on an average per quintal net returns of processing seabuckthorn fruits were Rs. 1973 in Leh area of Jammu & Kashmir. Break-even analysis indicates that in Lahaul area the processing units were running just above the shut down point, whereas on the other hand in Leh area these were earning profits. Benefit cost ratio of semi -processing units in the country vary between 1.44 to 1.90 . Based on the findings of the present paper, it is suggested that area under seabuckthorn plantation should be increased and enhance the wild seabuckthorn fruits collection through improving the harvesting technology and it is also suggested that there exists a need for development of its package of practices and efforts should be made to provide remunerative prices of seabuckthorn produce to the orchardists buy back system, besides this, nursery raising techniques and management should be imparted to the Forest Officials of the state Govt. Besides these, the entire stakeholder involved in its farming and business should be aware about the economics and benefits of this new venture.  

Keywords: seabuckthorn; Orchards; Benefit- cost ratio (BCR).