Indian Journal of Agriculture Business

There are two major poultry sub-sectors in India, viz. Commercial organized sector, which is contributing nearly 77% of poultry production and backyard unorganised sector which contributes approximately 23% of poultry production. The major challenge of providing good source of protein to the increasing population requires the breeding plan to increase productivity. Besides, research is going on developing breeds/ strains having high immune competence for adaptability of future stocks to changing farming systems and climate. For smallholder systems, creepupgrading or nucleus crossbreeding, community-based breeding programs and strategies to generate sustained replacement stocks in systems where crossbreds are the best option is being explored further. This paper mainly gives an overview of country’s poultry breeding plan currently going on, with pureline and grandparent operations primarily using improved strains in the commercial sector and low-input technology varieties developed for unorganized rural sector. The alternate species farming with ducks, geese, guinea fowl, turkey and farm-bred variety of Japanese quail alongwith information on registered indigenous breeds is also shared to give an overview of diversified poultry breeding and farming approach in the Country.

Neonates are very much susceptible during adverse climatic condition, due to its poor thermoregulatory mechanism. Nutrition and management of the cow during the dry period may have a profound effect on the survival, health, and growth of newborn calves. The proper management of energy intake to control body condition from late lactation until calving minimizes the potential for harmful effects of nutrient deprivation or over conditioning. The production levels and the performance of calves in herd are greatly affected by genetic and environmental factors. In addition, the neonatal performance is known to be important for continuity of the herd and the survival for livestock enterprises. During periods of heat stress, take necessary measures to ensure cows and heifers are kept cool. Alleviate heat stress by providing constant access to water, shade and proper ventilation. For cows, measures including provision of an enriched, more easily digestible ration as well as sprinklers over feeding areas can help ease heat stress. For calves, good colostrum management becomes even more important during heat stress.

Keywords: Colostrum; Comfort Zone; Neonates; Prenatal & THI.

 Lipids are imperative component of meat and contribute to numerous enviable characteristics of meat and meat products. Lipids are contributing factor for flavor and aroma profiling along with improved tenderness and juiciness of meat. However, scientific findings established the fact that lipid oxidation is the primary process responsible for quality deterioration of meat during storage. The development of rancidity in meat by lipid oxidation begins at the time of slaughter and continues during storage followed by nutrient loss, color change, formation of toxic compounds, and heath risk to consumer. The rate of lipid per-oxidation in meat depends upon the balance between endogenous and exogenous factors of the meat that too varies among meats from different animal species and muscles from the same animal. Application of natural/synthetic anti-oxidant source in the meat is beneficial to modify the oxidative stability of meat.

Keywords: Lipid Per-Oxidation; Antioxidant; Meat; Factor; Iron.

 More than one billion people in the world are reeling under the social venom of hunger and against each of 3.4 second; we are losing one hungry child forever. This been the world scenario, the challenges of food security have been turned into a struggle for social existence food security. While describing food security, it is the contribution of polymorphic factors like access to food, quality of food, cost of food and then food free of social and gender discrimination. The paper examines the trifoliate disposition of the threats that refrains a hungry bowl from getting food. The combination of three social decadents’ viz. hunger, poverty and silence has been inextricably tuned. It is found that when people go silent or kept silent, poverty goes up and then hunger has become the worst and coercive consequence to poverty. Silence in this study has been conceived as a situation of getting ‘uninformed’, ‘unvoiced’ and ‘non-verbal’. The neoinformation divide as a resultant of explicit globalization has vitiated the situation further. The section of the population remaining un-tuned to the sources of information and impact of being selectively uninformed are invariably getting complex in social economic and cultural terms in present India. So, this would suggest a lot of interventions to be made including scale neutrality of technology, announced entitlement to resources, drastic change in policy and governance and academic researches with human faces both at micro and macro level of functioning right at this moment. The methodology used in this study includes both participatory data generation and survey method. The field data then undergo a multivariate analysis to estimate the reticulate impact of poverty hunger and silence through a mutually synchronized interaction. It has been astoundingly found that both the hunger and poverty are inextricably reticulated to silence to infer that silence of people has been enrooted into their hunger and poverty. People are poor because they are not allowed to speak; they are hungry because they prefer to remain silent. All the qualitative variables under study have been quantified by application of scales and underwent z-transformation for their normalization to befit against normal distribution curve.

Fruits are good sources of natural antioxidants such as carotenoids, vitamins, phenols, flavonoids, dietary glutathionine, and endogenous metabolites. These antioxidants are capable of performing a number of functions including acting as free radical scavengers, peroxide decomposers, singlet and triplet oxygen quenchers, enzyme inhibitors and synergists. Active oxygen species are generated as by-products of normal metabolism. Increased levels of these active oxygen species or free radicals create oxidative stress which leads to avariety of biochemical and physiological injuries often resulting in impairment of metabolismand eventually, cell death. The consumption of fruits has been associated with low incidences and mortality rates of cancer (Ames et al., 1993; Dragsted et al., 1993; Willett, 1994) and heart disease (Verlangieri et al., 1985).Fruits also contain a wide range of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The main flavonoid sub groups in fruis are anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, flavonols, and catechins. Phenolic acids present in fruits are glycosides of hydroxylated derivatives of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid (Macheix et al., 1990). Good sources of natural antioxidants are found in many fruits, most notably prunes, raisins, blackberries, black currants, blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, grapes and pomegranates (Prior et al., 1998; Wang and Lin, 2000; Gil et al., 2000).The different antioxidant components found in fruits provide protection against harmful free radicals and have been associated with lower incidence and mortality rates of cancer and heart disease, in addition to a number of other health benefits. A number of researchers have identified the anticancer and antioxidant properties of different fruits using different methods. A comprehensive review of the work done and reported anticancer and antioxidant properties of different fruits has been done in this paper. This paper summarizes the traditional uses of some important fruit crops as well as their antioxidantand anticancer properties.

Keywords: Antioxidants; Jamun; Bael; Mulberry.

Thepresent case study reports otitis infection in a 2 year old cross bred dog. The affected dog showed symptoms of serous discharges from the ear with foul odour, slight elevation in temperature and shaking its head at regular intervals. Isolation studies on Sabrouds dextrose agar revealed finger foot print yeast cells characteristic of Malassezia organisms and a few bunches of grapes characteristic of Staphylococcus bacteria. On ABST examination, the culture was highly sensitive for chloramphenicol and Sulpha trimethoprim.

Indian agriculture is known for its multi-functionalities of providing employment, livelihood, food, nutrient and ecological securities. The income from cropping alone on small and marginal farms is hardly sufficient to sustain the farmer’s family with the decline in farm size (0.15 ha. /person) due to explosion of population and this situation gets further weakened due to failure of monsoon. The farmer, has to be assured of a regular income for a satisfactory living (above the poverty line), a judicious mix of any one or more enterprises with agronomic crops ensures better farm income. Therefore, in the present study, comparative economics of various farming systems have been workout for ascertaining the sustainability of most profitable one. The three widely adopted farming systems were selected for the study viz; I) Crops only, II) Crops + Livestock, III) Crops + Livestock + Horticulture crops. The two districts viz; Ahmednagar and Solapur were selected purposively. In Ahmednagar district, Sangamner tahsil was selected as irrigated tahsil and Pathardi tahsil was selected as rainfed tahsil. From Solapur district, Pandharpur as irrigated tahsil and Sangola, as rainfed tahsil were selected. From each tahsil, three villages were selected, randomly and from each village, 15 farmers were selected in such way that, 5 farmers from each farming system (F.S.I-Crops only, F.S.IICrops + livestock, and F.S.III- Crops + livestock + horticulture) were get selected. As such, 180 sample farmers were selected for the study. The primary data were collected by survey method from the selected farmers with the help of specially designed schedules for the year 2007-08. The comparative picture of the employment pattern showed that, the employments generated were more in irrigated region as compared with the rainfed region because in irrigated region, irrigated crops such as sugarcane, wheat, fodder etc. required more labours. The own farm employment was more in farming system-III of irrigated region. In all the farming systems, owned and hired male-female played significant role in crop production activity as compared to other activities of production. The per farm income pattern indicated that, the total income in farming system- II was double than the farming system-I, while total income of farming system- III was four fold than that of farming system- I. The total income from farming system- I (crop production activity) was very less as compared to farming system- II and III. The itemwise income indicated that, the more than 50 per cent income was derived from crop production in farming system- I and II, while in farming system- III, more than 50 per cent income was derived from horticulture and in the farming system- I, 31.52 per cent income was derived from other than farm business activity but in farming system- II and III, correspondingly, just 3.09 and 1.79 per cent income was derived from other than farm business activity. This has indicated that farming system- I, depends more on other than farm business activity as compared to farming system- II and III. In expenditure pattern, out of the total expenditure more than 70 per cent was the farm expenditure in all the farming systems. The expenditure on crop production was the major expenditure in farming system- I and II, while expenditure on horticulture was major expenditure in farming system- III. The regionwise total expenditure was more in irrigated region than the rainfed region. The economic sustainability depends on profitable enterprises, family saving and the family debt. The sustainable farm income means the annual income from farm activities which meets the annual expenditures of farm and family and remains surplus to the farm family for saving or repayment of debt. The regionwise sustainable farm income indicated that, farming system- II and III, were having the sustainable farm incomes in both the regions. But farming system- I of irrigated and rainfed region could not meet their requirements on farm business income i.e. income from crop production activity alone. They have a deficit in income. Farmers of farming system-II and III of both regions were having sustainable farm income, but the farming system- I was not having sustainable farm income. After adding the income from other sources, farmers in farming system-I, had sustainable farm income, in both the regions. Therefore, the income from other sources (wages, service and business etc.) was the only factor, which helped them to become sustainable.