Indian Journal of Anatomy

Pathoanatomical examination procedures such as epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD) was indicative of small-fiber dysfunction and the objective of this short communication was to throw light on ENFD and its use in assessment and treatment of peripheral neuropathies. Limited yet sufficient evidence shows that ENFD had established normative reference range, predictive equation with respect to age and gender, low inter-measurement variability; and was correlated to quantitative sensory test measures, morphometry, pain-related evoked potentials and C-fiber axon reflex flare size; was used in HIV-related peripheral neuropathy, sensory ganglionopathiesand Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; and, was influenced by topical treatments such as capsaicin and lidocaine patches. Thus ENFD is the one of earliest indicator of nerve function and dysfunction in peripheral nerve disorders.

Keywords: Neuroanatomy; Neurohistology; Skin Biopsy; Peripheral Neuropathy.  

68 males and 82 females of adult aged between 20 -35 years were measured in cms .The mean value of male height was 170.2 (SD ±7.0 ) and mean value of female height was 155.6 (SD ±5.9 ) and ‘t ‘ test value value was 13.7 which has highly significant P value ( p < 0.01 ). The difference of height between both sexes were 14.6 cms. This difference was also more or less in agreement with previous workers. This difference of height certainly indicates the evolutionary process of the latest generation of day to day population because evolution is not a force but a process not a cause but a law of nature. More over these obtained results will be useful to the Anatomists , Anthropologists and medical experts as this study belongs to South Indian population. As race of homosapine is an on going. Moreover South Indian population are presumed as mainly Dravidians.

Keywords: Sexual Dimorphism; South India; Measurement; Adults.  

68 males and 82 females of adult aged between 20- 35 were selected for study.Their degrees of carryin angle were measured by Goniometer. The mean value of left carrying angle in males was 163.6 (SD±6.1) and females was 164.9 (SD ± 3.6 ) and ‘t’ test value was 8.59 which was highly significant statistically (p < 0.01 ).The mean value of right carrying angle in males was 169.8 (SD±4.4 ) and in females 171.2 (SD± 3.4) ‘t’ test value was 8.69 which has highly significant p value (p <0.01 ). This study is very much important to orthopaedic surgeons to reconstruct the elbow joint during traumatic condition, radiologists to compare the normal degrees with fractured elbow joint. Moreover to the medico legal experts to differentiate the sex, to the Anatomists and anthropologists. These subjects belong to south Indian population, hence represent ethnic importance.

Keywords: Sex. Goniometer; Elbow Joint; South India.  

The inferior phrenic arteries, a pair of important vessels, supply multiple organs including the diaphragm, adrenal glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, inferior vena cava, and retroperitoneum. The majority (80–90%) of inferior phrenic arteries originate as separate vessels from either the abdominal aorta or the coeliac trunk. Infrequently, the right and left inferior phrenic arteries can arise in the form of a common trunk from the aorta or from the coeliac trunk. During this study 60 cadavers were dissected and variation in the site of origin of inferior phrenic arteries was noted. Out of 60 cadavers, 49 cadavers showed normal origin of inferior phrenic artery i.e. right and left inferior phrenic artery arise individually from abdominal aorta. 3 cadavers showed both inferior phrenic arteries arising from abdominal aorta as single root. 5 cadavers showed both inferior phrenic artery arising as single trunk from celiac trunk and 2 cadavers shows individual origin of right and left inferior phrenic artery from celiac trunk. 1 cadaver showed right inferior phrenic artery coming from abdominal aorta and left inferior phrenic artery coming from celiac trunk. As right and sometimes left inferior phrenic artery plays important role in the blood supply of hepatocellular carcinoma and frequently supplies HCCs located in the bare area of the liver. and as an unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma can be treated by transcatheter embolization so the knowledge of variation in origin of inferior phrenic artery is important. Other pathologic conditions including hemoptysis, diaphragmatic or hepatic bleeding due to trauma or surgery, and bleeding caused by gastroesophageal problems (eg, Mallory-Weiss tear or gastroesophageal cancer) may be related to the inferior phrenic artery. Radiologists must be familiar with the normal spectrum of inferior phrenic artery anatomy so that detection and adequate interventional management can be achieved when pathologic conditions related to the inferior phrenic artery are present.

Keywords: Inferior Phrenic Artery; Hepatocellular Carcinoma.  

Introduction: Multiple genes determine fingerprint configuration and the study of fingerprints reveal vital genetic and medical information about an individual. Any deviation in dermatoglyphics pattern indicates a genetic difference between control group and pathological population [2] .Chewing of guthka containing areca nut and tobacco is an important risk factor for oral submucus fibrosis (OSMF) but the non chewers are also developing OSMF.Genetic predisposition explains such occurrence of OSMF with or without habits of chewing guthka containing areca nut. Aims: This study was aimed to search for a dermatoglyphic marker that will be helpful to identify predisposition of a person with guthka chewing habits for developing OSMF Objectives: To find any statistically significant variation in fingertip patterns of chronic guthka chewers in pathologic group with development of OSMF and control group without development of OSMF Material and Methods: The control group A: were subjects with history of guthka chewing habit without clinical OSMF. The study group B: Patients with clinically diagnosed OSMF with history of guthka chewing habits were from routine ENT OPD patients at SRTR Govt. medical college and Rolled prints of palm and fingers of right and left hands of all subjects were taken and analyzed following standard methods of Cummins and Midloe. Result: When individual digit wise split up of fingertip patterns from both the hands were compared in pathologic and control group statistically significant differences were observed in distribution of fingertip patterns in group A and group B.Conclusion: Individual digit wise distribution of fingertip patterns can be used to determine the predisposition of a person with guthka chewing habits to develop OSMF

Keywords: Fingertip Patterns; Oral Submucus Fibrosis; Gutkha Chewing

Introduction: Introduction: Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of epidermal ridges and their configurations on the palmar region of hands and fingers. As a diagnostic aid, it is now well established in a number of diseases which have a strong hereditary basis. The etiology of coronary heart diseases is believed to be multi-factorial with genetics playing an important role. Objectives: 1) To study the finger and palmar dermatoglyphics pattern in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). (2 ) To compare dermatoglyphic configurations of CAD with the controls.( 3)To find out whether a specific dermatoglyphic trait/ features exists in CAD patients and whether it is significant. Methodology: Inking method was used for taking finger and palm prints. The present study includes the dermatoglyphic patterns of CAD and that of Controls. It constitutes 100 CAD patients (60 males, 40 females) and 100 Controls (60 males, 40 females). Quantitative analysis for TFRC and “ATD” angle was done. Results: There was low frequency in TFR (p>0.05) in CAD group compared control group. The atd angle (p<0.05) was more in CAD compared to Controls. Conclusion: 1. There was high percentage in total finger ridge count in CAD group when compared to controls. 2. There was high ‘atd’ angle in CAD group when compared to controls.

Keywords: Coronary Artery Disease; Dermatoglyphics  

Background: Mandible being largest and strongest bone of skull, having various morphological feature may show changes with reference to age, sex and race. The study of various morphological features o mandible can be useful to determine age, sex and race of the individual in various medico-legal cases as well as in other anthropological studies. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 110 dry mandibles (free from pathological or traumatic damages, Edentulous and bones with absorbed alveolar margins were also excluded from the study). The parameters studied were shape of lingula and coronoid process, distribution of genial tubercles and angle of mandible. Observations: Triangular shape of lingula was found to be the most common both in males & females and assimilated type as least common. Triangular coronoid process was most common in males (64.22 %) and hook like coronoid process is commonest in females (41.67%). Discussion: Locating the exact location of lingula plays an immense role in anesthetic surgical block of inferior alveolar nerve. Triangular lingula are the commonest in our study and most of other studies also. The coronoid process can be used as an excellent donor graft site for reconstruction of orbital floor deformities. So its shape carry monumental role for reconstructive maxillofacial surgeries like orbital floor repair. The above mentioned parameters of mandible play substantial role in sexing of the mandible.

Keywords: Morphological; Medico-Legal; Masticatory; Edentulous.  

Background: The knowledge of Anatomy and anatomical variation of femoral artery is important to place the arterial cannula, to introduce the catheter for cardiac catheter for cardiac angiogram, making arteriovenous fistula for haemodylasis, to avoid injury to the femoral artery during surgery in femoral and inguinal region and to avoid excessive bleeding during fracture of neck of femur and hip dislocation. Objectives: To study the origin and branching pattern of femoral artery and to study the origin and branching pattern of femoral artery. Methods: The present study was conducted on 50 lower limbs from embalmed human cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru. Femoral triangle was dissected and the femoral artery and branches were traced, the distance between midinguinal point and point of origin of branches were noted. Results Endovascular intervention therapy like femoral catheterisation and aortofemoral and aortopopliteal surgeries are common nowadays. Angiogram or angiography is performed through FA in atherosclerosis of peripheral blood vessels of lower part of the leg. All these procedures need precise knowledge of anatomy of FA. Hence in this study an attempt is made to study the origin, course, and branching pattern of FA.

Keywords: Femoral Artery; Profunda Femoral Artery; Deep External Pudendal Artery; Mid Inguinal Point.

Background: In about 80% of individuals, 3 branches arise from the arch of aorta; the branches from right to left are brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery. In the present study, we found an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from arch of aorta distal to left subclavian artery. Aims and Objectives: Variations in branching pattern of arch of aorta are frequently identified by imaging studies.The clinicians should be aware of abnormalities occurring in arch of aorta and its branches. This could help in managing these variations in emergency approaches to the arch of aorta and the great vessels. The aim of present study is to report the occurrence of abnormal origin of subclavian artery. Material and Methods: In department of Anatomy, I.G.G.M.C., Nagpur, the present study was conducted on embalmed cadavers. Results: Out of 48 cadavers, which were dissected, in 1 cadaver, we found an abnormal origin of right subclavian artery from arch of aorta distal to left subclavian artery. (i.e. 2.08%). The aberrant artery was passing behind the oesophagus. The origins of left subclavian artery in all cadavers were found to be normal. Conclusion: The retroesophageal right subclavian artery is important to the angiographer who use right axillary, brachial or radial approach to ascending aorta. Knowledge of this abnormality is important while evaluating the patient with difficulty in deglutition.

Keywords: Subclavian Artery; Arch of Aorta; Aberrant.  

Identification of person is an important task for Forensic Expert as asked by Investigating Officer to solve the crime, since Identification is first step to investigate the crime. Identification is easy when the whole body is available. But it becomes very difficult when only part of the body is found due to many reasons.The present study is carried out in E S I C Medical College, Kalaburagi, Karnataka. Total 257 students (120 males and 137 females) between age group of 18-25 years are selected.The height of each student, length of both right and left Foot of each student is measured by the same observer with the same instrument and at the same time.After collection of data, it is subjected to statistical analysis. The results of the present study indicate that foot lengths can be efficiently used for estimation of stature. In present study male foot length can give better prediction of stature compared to female.

Keywords: Stature; Foot Length; Correlation Co-efficient; Regression Equation.  

The hip joint bonesundergo a continuous process of remodelling throughout life depending upon various degrees and direction of tensile force and compressive force applied over it due to day to day activities. As these forces are different on either side and gender, it leads to bilateral variability and sexual dimorphism. Many studies have carried out on dry bones but few studies have demonstrated on bones with soft tissue in situ which is important because it is more close to the normal physiology. Moreover, geographical area and environmental factors affect the remodelling process. Hence we sought to study the Vertical diameter of head of femur, Diameter of acetabulum and Depth of acetabulumin 55 cadaveric hip joints on both sides in Pune region. Our study finding showed that there is no bilateral asymmetry but it demonstrated sexual dimorphism with male hip joint bone dimensions being greater than female. Present study also conclude that hip joints are congruent and thus primary osteoarthritis is rare in Pune region as compared to western countries.Population specific hip joint prosthesis can be manufactured using the average hip joint bone dimensions provided in this study for Pune region. Thus the present study data is important to the radiologist, orthopaedic surgeons, forensic experts, biomedical engineers and prosthetics.

Keywords: Cadaveric Study; Vertical Diameter of Head of Femur; Diameter of Acetabulum; Depth of Acetabulum; Hip Joint.  

Anatomy is being taught in medical schools at the preliminary level in order to build background knowledge for future practice. It is the need of the hour to endorse teaching of anatomy by qualified medical staff and thus encourage post graduation in anatomy. Today in India there are 335 medical colleges with an intake of 40525 students annually. Among these colleges 198 colleges are recognised for a post graduation in Anatomy discipline. In these colleges there are 610 seats for PG Anatomy which makes the ratio of MBBS students to Anatomy PG students 100: 1.5. A study was conducted on 100 medical students at K.J. Somaiya Medical College between July 2014 and Dec 2014. Out of the 100 students 50 were pursuing their MBBS and 50 were pursuing their internship. Out of the 50 students pursuing MBBS, 15 had completed their first year exams, 15 had completed their second year exams, 10 had completed their third year (Part I) exams and 10 had completed their third year (Part II) exams. All the students were randomly selected. Conclusion: A postgraduate qualification establishes a student in his career as an academician. But there are few PG anatomy seats in India. The number of post graduate seats should increase.

Keywords: Anatomy; Medical Schools; Practice; Post Graduation; Career; Academician.  

Background and Aims: The thyroid gland is characterized by numerous and variable sized follicles that are filled with colloid which are lined by a single layer cell called follicular cell. Thyroid hormones and the colloid are synthesized by these follicular cells. Disorders of thyroid function are more common in females e.g. hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves disease and simple goitre. In India, goitre and cretinism were found to be in significant extent in the Himalayan goitre belt. The mean annual incidence rate of autoimmune hypothyroidism is up to 4/1000 women and 1/1000 men. Subclinical hypothyroidism is found in 6% - 8% of women (10% over the age of 60 years) and 3% in men. Now a days, thyroid related pathology and infertility among females are growing at an alarming rate. These pathological conditions can only be understood on the basis of thorough knowledge of thyroid structure. Considering the above mentioned factors in mind the present study on measurement of follicular diameter of female thyroid in different stages of life in female was conducted in the following groups namely “Prepubertal”, “Reproductive” and “Postmenopausal”. Materials and Methods: The study was focused on measurement of follicular diameter of female thyroid. The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati. The specimens were divided in three age groups (0 to 10 years, more than 10 years to less than 51 years and 51 years and above).The collected specimens were cut into pieces of approximately three mm to five mm thickness and then they were subjected to routine processing. The stained sections were examined thoroughly under light microscope using both low and high power magnification. Results: In present study the average follicular diameter of thyroid follicles are 68.24 ± 10.58µ in “Prepubertal” group, 192.49 ± 7.34µ in “Reproductive” group and 116.31 ± 7.30µ in “Postmenopausal” group respectively. Conclusion: The follicular diameter of thyroid gland increases with a high significance (p<0.01.) from “Prepubertal” group to “Reproductive” group and decreases with a high significance (p<0.01) from “Reproductive” group to “Postmenopausal” group. Knowledge of normal values might be helpful in different disease condition of the thyroid gland in female.

Keywords: Thyroid; Average Follicular Diameter.  

In this study, the combined adrenal weight is correlated to the total body weight in Indian Fetuses. In particular, this is useful to pathologists in diagnosis of conditions like congenial hypoplasia andcongenital hyperplasia. One hundred Indian human fetuses between 12–38 gestation weeks were examined for combined adrenal weight and total body weight. Their total adrenal weight and body weight were measured and recorded. Subsequently, correlation between the two factors was established and the mean standard deviation was calculated. Finally, it is noted that when the ratio of combined adrenal weight to total body weight <0.001, congenital hypoplasia is diagnosed.

Keywords: Combined Adrenal Weight; Congenital Hypoplasia; Congenital Hyperplasia.
 

Objectives: It has been universally found that anatomy is the most difficult subject for first year MBBS students. In India students get only seven to eight months to complete their first year MBBS syllabus. Histology, although a part of anatomy is a subject in itself. As the numbers of hours allotted to histology teaching are much lesser as compared to gross anatomy, students generally neglect it. The present study was done to understand the attitude of first year MBBS students towards histology. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire comprising of both open-ended and closed-ended questions was given to students at the end of first year. Out of 100 students, 87 completed the questionnaire. Results: It was found that the attitude of most of the students towards histology changed over the course of one year, confusion has turned to clarity, neglect has changed to interest and finally culminated into raised confidence in himself/ herself. This paper discusses the probable reasons for the same. Conclusion: An honest feedback from the students helps teachers in revising teaching methodologies, for proper utilization of available time for the benefit of students and the department. 

Keywords: Attitude; First Year; Histology; Medical Students; Perception.  

Background: Body Donation is an act of giving one’s body after death for medical research and education. Dissection of human cadavers is mandatory for learning Anatomy. Whole body donation is vital for advancement of medical research and education but it is statistically under reported. To better understand the composite of donors for medical research and education this study will examine body donation demography. Aims and Objectives: To examine and characterize the number of body donation registrations and whole body donations in a tertiary care hospital viz. age, gender, religion and occupation of donors. Materials & Methods: The data of body donation and its registration is studied from a tertiary health care hospital accepting body donation since 1986. The records of body donations accepted during the period 1986 to 1997 and 2005 to 2016 and registrations for body donation done during the period 1986 to 1994 and 2003 to 2016 were available and analysed. Results: The present study shows that the number of body donation registrations and body donations per year remained more or less same over the years. After doing promotion of body donation there was increase in awareness of body donation among population which reflected in terms of increase in registrations for body donation. Donation of male bodies is comparatively more than female bodies. Majority of the body donations were from older age group. Conclusion: Present trend of voluntary body donation is adequate for teaching undergraduate students. Efforts must be made to motivate more people to bequeth their bodies to meet increasing demands of cadavers.

Keywords: Body Donation; Body Donation Registration; Body Donation Awareness
 

Context: Introduction: In the current study, an attempt was made to determine the safe zone for the limited carpal tunnel incision in case of carpal tunnel syndrome, in order to avoid injuries to the median nerve, by measuring the distance of median nerve from radial styloid process. Aims: To determine the safe zone of the median nerve (during surgical procedures for treating carpal tunnel syndrome) using various measurements. Settings and Design: Descriptive study. Methods and Material: 23 upper limbs, both right (11) and left (12), obtained from embalmed cadavers formed the material for the current study. Measurements of Median Nerve (MN) diameter, its distance from Radial Styloid Process (RSP) and Medial Most Point of Ulna (MMPU) were taken. Statistical Analysis used: Mean and range. Results: A distance greater than 64.57% from RSP, of the distance between RSP and MMPU, according to our study, will be useful for surgeons in order to avoid damage to median nerve. Conclusions: The safe zone for surgical procedures in treating carpal tunnel syndrome, in order to avoid damage to the median nerve is a distance greater than 64.57% of the distance between RSP and MMPU.

Keywords: Median Nerve; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Flexor Retinaculum.  

Introduction: Height is an important anthropometric parameter, it becomes difficult many times to record the height of an individual due to disability of lower limbs and axial skeleton, in forensic investigation and bedridden patients. Various studies tried to estimate the height of individual from the length of long bones like tibia and ulna. Length of ulna is an easily accessible anthropometric parameter. As the ulna is subcutaneous and easily accessible bone of the upper limb, we tried to analyze the relation between the length of ulna with height of individual. Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate the height of an individual from the length of ulna using a derived equation and to compare the results with other studies done in different populations. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Prakash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Uran Islampur, in the state of Maharashtra in India. On 145 subjects who were students of first year MBBS . The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 23 years and was healthy without any skeletal deformity. The Institutional Ethics Committee clearance was obtained. After getting written consent from the subject, the height of the individual was measured from vertex to heel with a stadiometer, and For ulna length, the subject’s elbow was flexed to 900 with fingers extended in the direction of the long axis of the forearm, and the distance between the most proximal point of the olecranon and the tip of the styloid process of the ulna was measured. Ulanr length of both the ulna was measured. The data were tabulated and analyzed statistically using SPSS software. Results: The mean height of male was 166.83±5.93 cm (range: 158 – 185 cm) and female was 157.96±5.96 cm (range: 145 – 168 cm). The difference between the mean heights of male and female was statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). The mean length of right ulna bone in male was27.95±1.34 cm (range: 24.50 – 29.95 cm) and in female was 25.56±1.27 cm (range: 22.10 – 28.10cm). The difference between the mean length of the right ulna of male and female was statistically very highly significant (P < 0.001). The mean length of left ulna bone in male was 27.75±1.31 cm (range: 24.10 – 29.80 cm) and in female was 25.49±1.33 cm (range: 21.67 – 28.20 cm). The difference between the mean length of left ulna of male and female was statistically very highly significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The length of ulna bone is a reliable and accurate parameter which is used in estimating the height of an individual. The regression equation, which was derived in this study, can be of great help to anatomists, clinicians, anthropologists and forensic scientists.

Keywords: Height of Individual; Stature of Individual; Length of Ulna Bone; Ulna Bone; Estimation of Height
 

Background: Median nerve is called labourers’ nerve, as it is responsible for powerful coarse hand movements. Impairment of function of forearm muscles and thenar muscles affects employment and everyday tasks. Materials and Results: In our study of 50 upper limbs the median nerve passed between the two heads of pronator teres in 44 (88%), deep to the two heads in 2 (4%), through ulnar head in 2 (4%) and the nerve passed deep to humeral head the ulnar head being absent in 2 (4%) specimens. Conclusion: Our study has thrown up a number of avenues for further research studies and would help in framing better guidelines for understanding the clinical conditions and for successful surgical procedures as well.

Keywords: Median Nerve; Variations; Termination.
 

Our aim was to optimize a cost effective, efficient protocol for genomic DNA extraction of HPV from exfoliated cells of cervix. The final goal was to get a high quality and quantity DNA yield. The DNA obtained was confirmed by horizontal gel assembly and visualizing the same by Gel Doc System. The optimized protocol for genomic DNA extraction of HPV is good for laboratory with low funds or budget.

Keywords: DNA; Extraction; HPV; Cervical Cells.  

Introduction: Identification of a deceased person is of utmost importance from social and medicolegal viewpoint. Skull is the second most preferred bone after pelvis for identification of sex of the deceased as it is highly dimorphic and craniometry is highly objective and reproducible. Craniometric indices show the relationship between different dimensions and are crucial for classification of race and sex ofunknown skeletons. Several studies have been conducted on various craniometric indices. Upper facial index is the percentage ratio of upper facial height to facial width. Recently it has been proposed as a novel index for sexual dimorphism but its status as a sexually dimorphic trait has not yet been well established and is questioned by a few studies. Hence to evaluate the sexual dimorphism of upper facial index and to provide population specific data on facial morphometry, this study was performed on adult Indian skulls. Methods The study was performed on 100 adult Indian skulls (60 male and 40 female) of known age and sex. Parameters measured were upper facial height and bizygomatic breadth using sliding and spreading calliper. Upper facial index was calculated. These parameters were expressed in descriptive statistics i.e. mean, range and standard deviation and the difference of their means between male and female skulls was compared for significance using the Student t-test. Results were compared with available literature Results In the present study, mean upper facial height (nasion-prosthion height) in male and female skulls was 61.71±3.65mm and 56.49±3.15mm respectively while bizygomatic breadth (maximum bizygomatic diameter) was 127.63±4.79mm and 121.33±4.28mm respectively. Student’s t test shows the difference of their means between male and female skulls to be statistically highly significant. The mean upper facial index was 48.36±2.52 in male, while it was 46.60±2.72 in female skulls placing most of the skulls in euryene (broad face) category with a few female skulls in hypereuryene (very broad face) and a few male skulls in mesene (round face) category. The difference of means of upper facial index between male and female skulls was also statistically significant. Conclusion: This study ascertains that the upper facial height, bizygomatic breadth and upper facial index are statistically significant sexually dimorphic traits which can be used for sexual dimorphism of adult Indian skulls. The facial morphometric data provided by this study will be helpful in anthropology and forensic medicine for evaluation of race and sex as well as in facial reconstruction surgeries, evaluation of facial trauma and congenital anomalies. 

Keywords: Upper facial height; Nasion-prosthion height; Bizygomatic breadth; Upper facial index; Sexual dimorphism; Skull.  

Introduction: Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of epidermal ridges and their configurations on the palmar region of hands and fingers. As a diagnostic aid, it is now well established in a number of diseases which have a strong hereditary basis. The aetiology of coronary heart diseases is believed to be multifactorial with genetics playing an important role. Objectives: 1. To study the finger and palmar dermatoglyphics pattern in Coronary Artery Disease(CAD) and its different groups 2. To establish sexual and digital differences in dermatoglyphic patterns of CAD 3.To compare dermatoglyphic configurations of CAD with the controls. Methodology: Inking method was used for taking finger and palm prints. The present study includes the dermatoglyphic patterns of CAD and that of Controls. It constitutes 100 CAD patients (60 males, 40 females) and 100 Controls (60 males, 40 females). Qualitative analysis of arches, loops, and whorls was done. Results: There was low frequency in arches and loops in CAD group (p>0.001) and high frequency in whorls (p>0.001) and TFRC (p>0.05) in CAD group compared control group Conclusion There was low percentage in arches in CAD group when compared to controls. There was low percentage in loops in CAD group when compared to controls. There was low percentage in whorls in CAD group when compared to controls.

Keywords: CAD; Dermatoglyphics; Genetic Correlation  

Introduction: The inferior phrenic arteries constitute a pair of important vessels supplying mainly diaphragm and multiple organs like adrenal glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, inferior vena cava and retro peritoneum. Other sources of origin of IPA are renal, supra renal, hepatic, left gastric or superio mesenteric arteries in 8% of the cases. A detailed knowledge of IPA with its variations is very helpful for interventional radiologists (chemoembolization), oncologists (hepatic tumors) and surgeons Aim: Study of origin of inferior phrenic artery from coeliac trunk with its incidence. Study the unusual course of inferior phrenic artery arising from coeliac trunk and compare with similar studies done. To study on development of inferior phrenic artery. Material and methods: This study was conducted in our Institute from 2014 to February 2017. Thirty four formalin fixed cadavers (21male, 13female) aged 30 to 70 years having 68(34 right and 34 left) inferior phrenic arteries were studied. Results: Out of 34 cadavers studied the inferior phrenic arteries arose from coeliac trunk in 16(47%) cadavers and in the remaining 18(52.9%) cadavers IPA arose normally from abdominal aorta. The incidence of origin of RIPA from coeliac trunk is 14.7% and from LIPA from coeliac trunk is 38.2% indicating LIPA has more predispositions arising from celiac trunk when compared to RIPA. Conclusion: Study on inferior phrenic artery is useful for clinicians, anatomists, researchers, surgeons and oncologists during nephrectomy and adrenal lesions.

Keywords: Inferior Phrenic Artery; Celiac Trunk; Left Inferior Phrenic Artery; Right Inferior Phrenic Artery; Hepatocellular Carcinoma  

Biparietal diameter (BPD) is one of the basic biometric parameters used to assess fetal size. BPD together with head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL) are computed to produce an estimate of fetal weight. After 13 weeks of gestation, the fetal age may be estimated using th biparietal diameter (the transverse diameter of the head, across the two parietal bones), the head circumference, the length of the femur, the crown-heel length (head to heel), and other fetal parameters. The biparietal diameter (BPD) is among the most accurate 2nd trimester measures of gestational age. Measured from the beginning of the fetal skull to the inside aspect of the distal fetal skull (“outer to inner”) at the level of the cavum septum pellucidum, this is one of the basic fetal measurements. Gestational age is usually determined by the date of the woman’s last menstrual period, and assuming ovulation occurred on day fourteen of the menstrual cycle. Sometimes a woman may be uncertain of the date of her last menstrual period, or there may be reason to suspect ovulation occurred significantly earlier or later than the fourteenth day of her cycle. Ultrasound scans offer an alternative method of estimating gestational age. The most accurate measurement for dating is the crown-rump length of the fetus, which can be done between 7 and 13 weeks of gestation. After 13 weeks of gestation, the fetal age may be estimated using the biparietal diameter (the transverse diameter of the head, across the two parietal bones), the head circumference, the length of the femur, the crown-heel length (head to heel), and other fetal parameters [1]. In the present study week wise measurement of fetal biparietal diameter was taken in 282 women in second & third trimester. Then week wise mean values and standard deviation of fetal Biparietal Diameter were calculated. Simple linear regression analysis of the observations was done for estimating gestational age from the measurements of Biparietal Diameter, for total number of cases, in second and in third trimester separately. The regression equations derived for Biparietal Diameter for estimating gestational age in a normally developing fetus increase with gestational age & showed good correlation with gestational age.

Keywords: Biparietal Diameter; Second Trimester; Third Trimester; Fetal Growth; Gestational Age; Ultrasound Scan.  

Introduction: The pituitary gland is located below the centre of the brain and over the sella on the cerebral surface of the body of sphenoid. The sphenoid air sinus opens into the roof of the nasal cavity via the aperture on the posterior wall of sphenoethmoidal recess above the turbinates. Since only a thin layer of bone separates sphenoid sinus from pituitary gland above and nasal cavity below, transseptal approach to the pituitary lesions is feasible rather than transcranial approach. Material & Methods: Study wa conducted on 30 sagitally sectioned head and neck specimens at the level of nasal septum in formalin fixed human cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, from our institute. The parameters were recorded and photographed. Results: Among 30 specimens 12 were presellar, 5 sellar, 10 postsellar and 2 were conchal types. Normal intersphenoid septum were found in 17 cadavers, whereas accessory septum in 9 cadavers and multiple intersphenoid septum in 3 cadavers. Among 17 normal septal patterns, 5 were inserting towards ICA and 3 were around optic canal. The part of the roof of sphenoid sinus underlying ICA showed dehiscence in 2 specimens. No optic canal dehiscence in sphenoid sinus in this study. Conclusion: The complex anatomy of sphenoid sinus and its risky anatomical relations with internal carotid artery and optic nerve make it a challenge for the surgeon. This anatomical study of sphenoid sinus will help to guide the surgical plan and dissection of sinus during transsphenoidal approach to pituitary gland.

Keywords: Sphenoid Sinus; Trans-Sphenoid Approach; Pituitary Gland; Internal Carotid Artery and Optic Canal.  

The aortic valve, which is seen at the root of Aorta possess three semi lunar cusps namely the right coronary, the left coronary, and the noncoronary. Aortic valves, especially bicuspid and unicuspid valves, have generated considerable interest among clinicians, largely because the valves are frequently stenotic or incompetent and also because they may be corrected surgically [1].Aortic valve malformations may also affect the wall of the aorta leading to pathological changes like calcification and plaque formation which may ultimately result in ischemia and cerebral infarction. The present study of Aortic valve in Indian subjects aims in discussing the findings according to the embryological, clinical and surgical implications. This study will also provide an anatomical basis to assist surgeons in performing safe vascular surgeries involving the aortic valve, in future.

Keywords: Aortic Valve; Unicuspid; Bicuspid; Ischemia; Infarction  

Background: The lumbosacral spine has an important role in spinal cord protection and maintaining the posture. Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) is an anatomical variation of human spine. In LSTV, either the fifth lumbar vertebra may show assimilation with the sacrum (sacralisation), or the first sacral vertebra may show transition to a lumbar configuration (lumbarisation). Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the incidence of sacralisation on dry human adult sacra in North Maharashtra and to compare the findings with other studies. Material and Methods: The present study of sacralisation of fifth lumbar vertebra was carried out on 52 dry human adult sacra of known sex in the Department of Anatomy, ACPM Medical College, Dhule. This was an observational study over a period of six months from July 2016 to Dec 2016.The sacrum was examined to assess the sacralisation or lumbarisation and the findings were compared with other authors and correlated with Castellvi classification. Result: Sacralisation of fifth lumbar vertebra was noted in 4(7.7%) sacra and no lumbarisation of sacrum was found in our study. Out of 52 sacra, 40(76.9%) were male and 12(23.1%) were female. Complete sacralisation (50%) and incomplete sacralisation (50%) along with incomplete median cres. was observed in the present study Conclusion Increased incidence of sacralisation may lead to increased chances of low back pain, disc herniation, pseudoarthosis and compression of nerve roots. Hence knowledge of sacralisation is important for clinical anatomists, orthopedics, neurosurgeons, radiologists as well as anesthetists and physicians for diagnosing and operating the patients.

Keywords: Sacralisation; Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra; Lumbarisation  

Musculocutaneous nerve is the nerve of front of arm. It is one of the terminal branches of lateral cord of brachial plexus.This nerve is responsible for innervation of flexor compartment of arm and for cutaneous innervation on lateral surface of forearm. Median nerve is formed by the union of lateral and medial roots respectively arising from lateral and medial cords. Median nerve does not give any branch in the arm. Th aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of variations of the median nerve in the arm with respect to its branching pattern and distribution as well as its possible communication with the musculocutaneous nerve. 30 arms pertaining to 15 preserved human cadavers, ranging in age from 35 to 70 years, were dissected in anatomy dissection hall in a private medical college. In two limbs out of 30 (6.7%) the lateral root of median nerve gave off muscular branches to the coracobrachialis, brachialis as well as biceps brachii muscle. The trunk of median nerve gave lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm which is usually a continuation of musculocutaneous nerve. Concomitantly the musculocutaneous nerve was absent. Knowledge of such anatomical variations is of interest to the anatomists and clinicians. These observations should be considered when a high median nerve paralysis is shown to originate in the axilla or proximal arm in a patient presenting with weakness of forearm flexion and supination. Similarly, it can explain weakness of the arm flexor muscles in thoracic outlet syndrome with median nerve affection.

Keywords: Brachial Plexus; Lateral Cord; Median Nerve; Musculocutaneous Nerve; Variations.  

Aims and objectives: This study aims at finding out the area of highest vulnerability for iatrogenic facial nerve injury during mastoid exploration done for chronic suppurative otitis media in Indian patients. Study Design: Multi-centric, retrospective survey. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 60 different otologists in India, out of which data provided by 20 surgeons with at least 10 years of experience was recorded and analysed statistically after blinding of the surgeon’s names. Results: Out of the 3962 mastoid surgeries analysed mean incidence of nerve dehiscence was 3.1 ± 0.98 %. Mean incidence of iatrogenic nerve injury was 2.4 ± 0.79 %. Majority (57.6%, n=53) of the patients reportedly had maximum House Brackmann clinical grade III facial paralysis at diagnosis. Majority, 85.87% (n=79) were reported to have occurred at second genu, 9.78% (n=9) at vertical portion and 4.34% (n=4) at horizontal portion. Most of injuries (77.17%, n=71) recovered completely. Conclusion: Despite of the interpersonal and interracial variations reported in the literature, and the commonest site of nerve dehiscence being horizontal portion in the intra-tympanic course, the region of the second genu is the most vulnerable point of injury and should be dealt with extra caution.

Keywords: Facial Nerve; Temporal Bone; Otitis Media  

To know the variation in origin of right and left coronary artery. Location and position of each coronary ostium was noted with respect to aortic sinus and sinotubular junction. Number of ostia and diameter of ostium were noted.The present study was undertaken on 70 adult human hearts specimens from embamed cadavers. Hearts were dissected and studied. Present study showed that in all 70 heart specimens three aortic sinuses i.e. anterior, left posterior, right posterior were present. The right coronary artery was found to be arising from anterior aortic sinus in 100% specimens and left coronary artery was arising from left posterior aortic sinus in 100% cases. In 90% (63) specimens right coronary artery arises below sinotubular junction, 10% (7) at sinotubular junction and no case above sinotubular junction was found. For left coronary artery 88.57% (62) cases, ostia were located below sinotubular junction, 11.43% (8) at the sinotubular junction and no case above sinotubular junction was noted. Single ostium was present in 80 (56) cases and two ostia were present in 20% (14) in anterior aortic sinus. In left posterior aortic sinus, single ostium was present in all 100% cases. No opening was seen in right posterior aoric sinus. The mean diameter of right coronary ostium was 3.22±0.82mm while left coronary artery showed 4.51±0.70mm.

Keywords: Aortic Sinus; Right Coronary Artery; Left Coronary Artery; Coronary Ostia; Ostium Diameter; Sinotubular Junction  

Four pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood drain into the left atrium via 4 pulmonary ostia, 2 on either side. Variations in the number of pulmonary veins and their drainage pattern are seen in 36% of normal population, and have gained importance recently, because the ectopic beats that originate in the pulmonary ostia, act as triggers for cardiac arrhythmias. This happens due to the fact that the pulmonary veins receive extensions of myocardial sleeves from the left atrium. Atrial fibrillation is the commonest cardiac arrhythmia and is controlled by drugs, but in cases where medicaments fail, radiofrequency ablation is the treatment of choice, for which a thorough knowledge of number of pulmonary veins and their openings is essential. Hence this study was undertaken to evaluate the variations in number of pulmonary veins and their drainage pattern, and comparing the same with previous studies. We studied 60 formalin fixed hearts and found variations in 13 hearts, out of which 5 hearts showed bilateral variations. The commonest variation in drainage pattern on the right side was 3 pulmonary veins with 3 pulmonary ostia seen in 10 cases and on the left side it was 1 pulmonary vein with 1 pulmonary ostium seen in 13 cases. These variations are congenital and are due to the complex development of the venous system. The knowledge of these variations is of immense importance to radiologists and cardio-thoracic surgeons for various diagnostic and therapeutic methods in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Keywords: Pulmonary Vein; Pulmonary Ostia; Left Atrium; Atrial Fibrillation.