Indian Journal of Anatomy

Aims: The aim of the present study is to study the correlation of hand parameters with stature. Materials and Methods: Sample size of the present study consisted of 200 students (Males = 84 and Females = 116) between 17 and 24 years of age from Government Medical College. Their stature and hand parameters were recorded. Results: It was observed that males had higher mean, standard deviation and range for each of the parameter considered than those of females. Significant correlation was observed between height and the hand parameters. From the regression equations derived, one can calculate height from any known parameter and vice versa. Conclusion: Hand length and hand breadth showed statistically significant correlation with height in total cases and also when male and female cases were evaluated separately. Hand length and hand breadth also show significant positive correlation with each other. When one has to calculate height using one parameter, we recommend the use of hand length for the same as it showed highest correlation with height. This study will be useful for stature estimation from available skeleton material or parts of the deceased body that are available.

 Anomalous origin of right coronary artery is a rare congenital anomaly that was 1st described in 1948 by White and Edwards. It is well established that an anomalous origin of right coronary artery may be asymptomatic but it can lead to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and sudden death, even in the absence of atherosclerosis. So, although many of these anomalies are clinically insignificant but some are associated with serious morbidity. Incidence of coronary anomalies in patients undergoing coronary angiography varies from 0.64% to 1.3%. We described the case of corresponding author, who had history of breathlessness off and on in the early morning in lying down posture relieved on seating posture; and once a moderate pain along the medial aspect of his right arm and then the evaluation revealed an anomalous right coronary artery arising at a higher level. We discussed the clinical importance of this anomaly and reviewed the literature concerning current views and therapy. Conceptual and therapeutic debates remain. Aim of present study is to reappraise the concept of anomalous origin of coronary artery and to discuss the potential hazards and treatment rationale of this anomaly on the basis of literature review. A comprehensive literature review was made.

Forty eight (48) male and 28 female, non – pathological, dried adult crania were studied. The cranial Index (CI) length and breadth of mastoid process (MP) on both sides were also measured C.I was measured by winged caliper and MP was measured byvernier calipersMale CI was 68.6 (SD+0.46) mean length of right MP was 2.66 (SD + 0.18) mean left Breadth of MP 0.81 (SD ± 0.4). The CI of Female was 72.5, (SD ± 1.19) and mean length of MP right side in female crania was 2.60 (SD ± 0.23) mean length MP (left) side was 2.20 (SD ± 0.16) mean breadth of MP in female (right side) was 0.86 (SD + 0.05) mean breadth of MP in female (left side) was 0.81 (SD ± 0.04).Correlation coefficient of CI in male and length of MP (right side) was 0.75 t test was 7.09 and p Value was highly significant (p<0.01) and length of MP (left side) was 0.74, t test was 7.46 and p value was highly significant (p<0.01) correlative coefficient of CI with Breadth of Mp (right side) was – 0.83 cm t test value was 10.0 and p value was highly significant (p<0.01) and Breadth of MP (left) side was – 0.72cm t test value was 7.03 p value was highly significant (p<0.01). The correlation coefficient of CI of Female crania study CI with length of MP (right side) mm 0.87 t test value was 8.9 p value was highly significant (p<0.01) CI with length of MP (left side) was 0.83 t test value was 7.5 P value was highly significant (p<0.01) CI with Breadth of MP (right side was – 0.81) t test value was 7.04 p value was highly significant (p<0.01). CI with Breadth of Mp (left side) was – 0.82 t test value was 7.3 p value was highly significant (p<0.01). In the comparison study of male and female cranial parameters In males mean value of CI was 68.6 (SD ± 0.46) and mean value CI of female was 72.5 (SD ± 1.19) and the t test value was – 20.1 and the p value was highly significant (p<0.01) mean value of male MP length (right side) was 2.66 (SD ± 0.10) and mean value in female MP right side was 2.60 (SD ± 0.23) t test value was 1.64. P value was highly significant (p<0.01) mean value of length of MP (left side) in male crania was 2.11cm (SD ± 0.15).Mean value in female MP (left side) was 2.20 (SD ± 0.16) t test value was -2.60 p value was highly significant (p<0.01) mean value of breadth of MP (right side) in male crania was 0.82 (SD ± 0.05) and mean value in female MP (right side) 0.86 (SD ± 0.05) t test value was – 3.15 and p value was highly significant (p<0.01). Mean value of breadth of male crania (left side) was 0.81 (SD ± 0.04) and in female crania breadth of MP was 0.81 (SD ± 0.04) t test value was 0.79 and p value was insignificant (p>0.05) This correlative coefficient study is quite useful for ENTsurgeons, Radiologists, Medico – legal experts, Anthropologist and Anatomists because By knowing the value of one parameter like C.I one can explore the both sides MP and vice versa.

 Background: A study on foramen magnum morphometry has immense neurosurgical and forensic implications due to its association with myriad intracranial tumours and sexual dimorphism. Aims and Objectives: To study dimensions of foramen magnum in 3-dimensional CT Scans and dry skulls. Methodology: Sagittal and transverse dimensions of the foramen were measured in 50 three-dimensional CT scans and 100 dry skulls. The data obtained was statistically analysed using Student’s t-test for significance, binary logistic regression and ROC curve for sexual dimorphism. Results: The mean sagittal dimension was 32.01 ± 3.92 mm in dry skulls and 33.26 ± 3.86 mm in CT Scans. The transverse dimension was 27.68 ± 2.32 mm in dry skulls and 28.31 ± 2.08 mm in CT scans. In dry skulls mean foraminal area in males was 698.46 mm2 ± 105.32 mm2 and in females it was 590.87 mm2 ± 98.45 mm2. In CT scans it was 705.23 mm2 ± 111.22 mm2 in males and 602.16 mm2 ± 76.23 mm2 in females. The dimensions were significantly more in males than in females and sagittal dimension was observed to have a sex predictability of 67.8%, transverse dimension 62.6% and area 69.7 %. Conclusion: The foramen magnum exhibits sexual dimorphism and is a marker for forensic sexing.A knowledge of shape and dimensions of foramen magnum has diverse neurosurgical implications owing to its proximity to hypoglossal canal, medulla oblongata, pons, spinal cord, cerebellum and related intracranial tumours.

 68 non- pathological dried adult crania were studied measurement between greater palatine foramen and incisive fossa of both right and left side were measured and compared prevalence of greater palatineformen (GPF) in relation to molar teeth on either side was studied. Direction of GPF was also studied. All the measurement was taken by vernier calipers. The comparative study measurement of GPF with incisive fossa on both sides- mean value of right GPF was 37.4 (SD ± 1.22) and mean value of left was 37.2 (SD ± 1.24) and p<0.5 . the p value was insignificant. The prevalence of GPF in relation to molar teeth on both sides Right side 3 (4.41%) opposite to 2nd molar 20 (29.4%) between 2nd and 3rd molar 36 (52.9%)opposite to 3rd molar 9 (13.2%) Behind 3rd molar. On left side 2 (2.94%) opposite to 2nd molar 11 (16%) between 2nd and 3rdmolars 48 (70.5%) opposite to 3rd molar 7 (10.2%) Behind 3rd molar. The direction of position of GPF was on right side 22 (32.3%) forward position, 12 (17.6%) forward lateral position, 34 (50%) forward and medial position on left side, 21 (30.8%) forward position 10 (14.7%) forward and lateral position, 37 (54.4%) forward and middle position. This anatomical approach to GPF will helpful to Dentists, Maxillo facial surgeons and plastic surgeons moreover Anaesthetists too, because morphometric values of mesodermal derivatives’ are uncertain.

Background: Scaphoid is boat shaped bone and is the largest bone of proximal row more prone for fractures and has utmost surgical importance. Aim and Objectives: As this bone has some interesting features this bone was taken for study to observe the variants like, the Scaphoid waist, tubercle, width of dorsal sulcus length of Dorsal Sulcus, length of scaphoid, ridge for scl, sulcus for flexor carpi radialis, waist circumference, tubercle circumference, primary height of tubercle and secondary height of the tubercle. Material and Methods: The study included one hundred dry human scaphoid bones (50 left and 50 right) which were obtained from the department of anatomy, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, India. The morphometric parameters were measured with vernier caliper of 0.02 mm accuracy; the circumference was measured by placing a thread around them and measuring its length. A magnifying lens was used to observe the number of foramina Results: The tubercle was present in all the scaphoid bones. Among the left scaphoid bones, 22 were of conical shape and 28 were pyramidal shape. Similarly 36 right scaphoid tubercles were of conical shape and 14 were of pyramidal shape. The waist was absent in 1 scaphoid of right side, rest of all the bones had waist. The dorsal sulcus was absent in 1 scaphoid of left side and 2 on the right side. The shape of scapholunate articular surface was noted as either half moon or crescentric shape. Among them, 38 scaphoids of left side had the shape of half moon and 12 were of crescentric. Similarly 36 of right side were of half moon and 14 were of crescentric. The shape and variations of the dorsal sulcus were noted. Most of the scaphoid had main (single) dorsal sulcus 63%. In contrast, 29% had two dorsal Sulci and 6% had a Y shaped sulcus. Foramina in the dorsal sulcus were counted, all the scaphoids had a minimum of one foramen in the main dorsal sulcus and 92% had more than one foramen. All scaphoids which presented with secondary sulci had a foramen in it. The ridges for the origin of scapholunate interosseous ligament were present in 41 scaphoids of left side and 40 of right side. Sulci of flexor carpi radialis were also seen and it was present in 38 scaphoids of left side and 42 of right side. Conclusion: The scaphoid fracture occurs in young healthy individuals and is the most commonly fractured bone of the wrist (50%-80% of all carpal bone injury). The complex shape of scaphoid and its orientation within the carpus makes the radiological interpretation of scaphoid anatomy difficult. The goals of reconstructive surgery for scaphoid fracture non unions include restoration of normal scaphoid length and shape by use of the contraletaral scaphoid bone as a geometric model.

Background and Objective: Identification of sex, age, race and stature is the most important aspect of investigations in cases of mass disasters. Hand and foot dimensionshas a strong correlation with stature andand if either of the measurements is known, the other can be calculated. With this objective, the present study was proposed to correlate the foot dimensions with stature of an individual. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 1000 participants (500 male and 500 female) of ESIC Institute Gulbarga over a period of 14 months. Foot length, foot breadth along with stature was measured. Results: Mean stature was 161.88. Mean Foot length on Right side was 24.34 cm and Mean Foot length on left side was 24.32 cm. Mean Foot Breadth on Right side was 8.95 cm and Mean Foot Breadth on left side was 8.96 cm. Linear Regression coefficient was calculated. Interpretation and Conclusions: Highly significant difference in right and left side mean foot length and breadth measurements was observed. Also observed was a strong positive statistically significant correlation between height and foot dimensions. This data could be useful for forensic, epidemiological and anthropometric studies where stature determination is of utmost importance.

 Introduction: Highly decomposed, mutilated & dismembered body parts like skull or facial remains are often brought for the medico-legal examination. Under such circumstances, cephalo–facial parameters are crucial in establishing the identity of the deceased. Aim: Estimation of stature from cephalo-facial measurements like horizontal head circumference, morphological facial length and bigonial diameter and to derive regression formulae to estimate stature in central India population.To find coefficient of correlation between stature & different cephalo-facial measurements. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study comprised of total 300 healthy students (187 Females and 113 Males) in the age range 18–23 years were included. The subjects were studied for the parameters- height (stature), horizontal head circumference, morphological facial length, bigonial diameter. Results: The average stature of male & female were found to be 171.33 & 157.34 cm respectively with range of 149 to 193 in males & 144.6 to 171.2 in females. We found weak correlation between stature and cephalo-facial measurements in males as well as female subjects. Though the correlation was weak it was significant and higher in females as compared to males. Conclusion: This study suggests that stature could be estimated using cephalofacial measurements like horizontal head circumference, morphological facial length, bigonial length etc. The mean values for males were higher than those of females. However the correlation was weak and need to be validated on larger population.

Keywords: Stature; Horizontal Head Circumference; Morphological Facial Length; Bigonial Diameter.

Background: Cervical vertebrae are seven in number. C3-6 are typical whereas C1 (Atlas), C 2 (Axis) and C7 (Vertebrae prominens) are atypical. The cervical vertebrae are identified by the presence of foramen transversarium in the transverse process. Skeletal abnormalities of cervical region or in craniocervical region are of interest to anatomists, orthopaedicians, neurologists, neurosurgeons and even orthodontists. These abnormalities may result in severe neck pain, decreased neck mobility, muscular weakness and sensory deficits of both upper limbs and sudden unexpected deaths. Aims and Objectives: The present study is carried out to know the incidence of variations with respect to it’s morphology seen in both typical and atypical cervical vertebrae. Materials and Methods: The study is conducted on a total of 210 dry human adult cervical vertebrae of both sexes obtained from Department of Anatomy, ESIC Medical College & PGIMSR, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru. The cervical vertebrae showing variations with respect to it’s morphology were identified and the photographs were taken. Results: We came across the presence of fused cervical vertebrae (C2, 3 & 4 )and (C6 & 7), arcuate foramen, elongated odontoid process, assymetrical foramen transversarium and double foramen transversarium. Conclusion: A thorough knowledge of these variations will be helpful for neurosurgeons, radiologists, head & neck and vascular surgeons.