Indian Journal of Biology

Environmental fluctuation leads to overproduction of ROS, which are extremely toxic and damages cellular biomolecules i.e. nucleic acid, DNA, lipid, and protein. However, the delicate balance between ROS production and antioxidant machinery of the plant is always maintained under normal condition but during stress, this balance comes to a halt. To ensure the plant survival under stressful environment, plants have adopted well equiped antioxidant defense machinery having two forms: (i) Enzymatic such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Catalase (CAT), Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR), Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR), Glutathione Reductase (GR) and Guaiacol Peroxidase (GPX); and (ii) Non-enzymatic such as reduced glutathione (GSH), Ascorbic Acid (AA), Carotenoids, α-tocopherol, proline and flavonoids. In this review, a summarized form of ROS action and their regulation via antioxidant machinery of plant cells have been discussed.

Keywords: Antioxidants, Oxidative stress, Reactive Oxygen speices, Redox status.
 

Pollution is, undoubtedly, the most alarming issue of concern among all environmental hazards. The rate and degree of pollution is gradually increasing with the explosion in population of the world. Due to some anthropogenic activities and malpractices of some scientific methodologist gradual changes in climate turned the global situation
into a critical position affecting different aspects of agriculture, fisheries and others. Impact of climate change is conspicuously observing in the field of aquaculture posing adverse impact on its productivity and variety. Objective of the study was to prepare a review concerning about the impact of climate changes on fisheries and aquaculture sector. This review can be useful to find out a possible way for relieving the constrain through constructing some solution through various scientific activities. In present generation, the altered climatic condition shows a great impact on Ocean temperature, variation in water level, impact of sea level rise. For this climate change, there is a great impact on inland water. It is altering distribution and productivity of marine and freshwater species, and changing food webs. This making the concerns for viable of aquatic ecosystems for fisheries and aquaculture. Besides, it can also hamper our future scenarios. If these harmful effects are randomly proceeds, the future generation will also undergo a dangerous condition. Global warming is the main fact of these climate changes. Therefore, at first the main point is to reduce global emission of GHGs, which is the main anthropogenic factor. Fisheries and aquaculture
require specific adaptation and mitigation actions for responding to the chances for and threats to food and livelihood security due to climate change. The current generation need to decide, how should we get relief from these major problem of climate change and reduce the chances of future harm
 

Keywords: Global Warming; Pollution; Climate Change; Fisheries and Aquaculture.
 

The present investigation was carried out using the long term (1981-2015) meteorological data recorded at Agrometeorological Observatory situated at NEB CRC, GBPUA& T, Pantnagar Uttarakhand. The analysis revealed that there is a decreasing trend of maximum temperature at the rate of 0.007°C per year over the years. However minimum temperature shows an increasing trend at the rate of 0.031°C per year. Average temperature range shows an increasing trend at the rate of 0.025°C per year. Maximum temperature anomaly shows a decreasing trend. Minimum temperature anomaly has an increasing trend. Temperature range anomaly showed a decreasing trend. The decadal
analysis of temperature shows similar trend. The average monthly maximum temperature found to be at peak in the month of May and lowest in July. The lowest average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures were found in January. Average temperature range was highest in April and lowest in August.

Key words: Maximum; Minimum; Range; Temperature; Trend; Variabilty; Pantnagar; Climate Change; Anomaly.
 

Milk yield in the dairy cattle depend on quality management of feed and fodder. To get better milk production, proper utilizations of nutrients is highly essential for the dairy animals. Usually farmers feed their animals with natural resources like roughage, rice bran, wheat bran etc. without considering balance quantity of feed. During summer season the availability of Green Grass is very less which is essential for the milking animals. The study is carried out to find out the effect of Hydroponic Maize Fodder (HMF) as a substitute of Green fodder during summer
season. 20 lactating cows were selected for this Study (10 cows from Indigenous breed and 10 cows from Cross Breed). Both Breeds of cows again divided into two groups, five cows in each group from. The treated cows of each group were fed concentrate feed along with 10 kg Hydroponic Maize Green Fodder where as the control group cows fed
with concentrated feed without HMF. The feeding trail was tested for 3 months.After the trial period milk yield were recorded for 7 consecutive days & found that the milk yield was significantly higher in the animal fed with HMF in both treated groups as compare to control groups. The use of HMF during summer season can enhance and maintain
dairy farming productivity and improve farmer’s income. Hydroponic Maize Fodder can be a substitute for green grass during summer season on milk yield in indigenous breed and cross breed cows of Ganjam district.

Keywords: HMF, Cows, Milk.
 

The present study investigated the correlation between thyroid hormones (i.e. thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine(T3)) and total collagen content in tissues of Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Administration of both T4 and T3 (0.5 μg/gm) separately for seven consecutive days led to changes in the total collagen content of dorsal skin, ventral skin and muscle of both young and adult common Indian toads. Thyroxine is important for both collagen synthesis and matrix metabolism (Yen, 2001). Duttaphrynus melanostictus were collected from Berhampur University campus and acclimated at laboratory conditions for 2/3 days. Levels of collagen were estimated following the method of Neuman and Logan (1950), as modified by Leach (1960). T4 treatment appeared to stimulate the deposition of collagen as evident from values of total collagen of dorsal and ventral skin. On the other hand, T4 treatment inhibits the increase in total collagen in the muscle region. On the contrary, T3 treatment decelerated the collagen deposition in dorsal skin and muscle tissue. A tissue-specific action of T3 administration in common Indian toad was shown in ventral skin where the total collagen content increased though differing to some extent in a degree of response. There is an age-related response to collagen metabolism which is tissue specific. The total collagen content declined during
maturity whereas showing an acceleration in the post-maturity period.

Keywords: T4; T3; Collagen; Duttaphrynus melanostictus.
 

Most of aquatic animals are dependent on molecular oxygen. Yet all living forms are prone to oxygen toxicity. This oxygen toxicity has been attributed to reactive oxygen metabolites including the Superoxide radicals(O2), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH-). These highly reactive substances can directly or indirectly cause
substantial damage to living cells. The enzyme superoxide dismutase is essential for the survival of all respiring and metabolically active cells. Only respiring and metabolically active cells can generate reactive oxygen metabolites and they are controled at physiological concentration by a repertoire of cellular antioxidant defenses such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH)
and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)

Keywords: CAT; GPx; G-6-PDH; GST; OH; ROMs.
 

The effect of heavy metal, arsenic on changes in total oxygen consumption at different sublethal concentration and
different time intervals of 10, 20 and 30 days was studied in a fresh water teleostean cat fish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch). The average oxygen consumption by this fish in normal water was 0.614 ml/g/hr in control. The glycogen, protein, triglyceride, acid and alkaline phosphatases content were decreased 21.49–61.78%, 11.56–47.22%, 14.76–65.05%,
7.98–54.35% and 16.67–38.71%, respectively in arsenic exposed fish. A significant decreased in oxygen consumption and organic reserves of gills were recorded at every time and every concentration of arsenic trioxide as compared to control fishes. The effect was more pronounced as the concentration of arsenic trioxide and duration of exposure
increased.Keywords: Arsenic; Gill; Glycogen; Mystus vittatus; Oxygen consumption; Protein; Triglyceride.