Indian Journal of Biology

An enormous threat to world health and security is posed by the extraordinary rate at which the  Earth's atmosphere is changing. Anthropogenic carbon production and natural carbon absorption  systems were in equilibrium prior to the industrial revolution. Nevertheless, with an increase in  anthropogenic carbon emissions of between 15% and 40% during the industrial revolution, the  situation altered. In 2030, coal will still provide for over 60% of India's energy needs, despite the  increasing emergence of alternatives like solar and wind. The Earth's atmosphere is changing  at an unprecedented rate, posing a huge danger to world health and security. There is broad  scientific agreement that human actions, namely how we transform and utilise fossil fuel energy,  are to blame for growing CO2  concentrations in the atmosphere and climate change. Finally,  in terms of carbon dioxide emissions, it appears that CCS is currently one of the best available  technologies for drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions from certain industrial processes,  and it is a key technology option for decarbonizing the power sector, particularly in countries  where fossil fuels are heavily used in electricity production.

Insecticides use, considered as one of the common practice in local farming system, cause  detrimental effect on agriculture environment and bio diversity subject. (celli et al 2003 )3  Besides  that residue sprays on pesticides could also make unintended possible effect to honey bee  andother Pollinators. (Stokstad, 2007)5  So, pollinators have great impact on plant productivity.  Because of this main issue to keep the pollinators in healthy and high diversity for sustainable  of environment, food and environment. (Celli et al, (2003)3 , (Neumann, et al, 1994).55, The field  observation a recorded in agriculture crops and laboratory test recorded the effect of common  insecticides to mortality and behaviour of honey bees. 96% pesticides traded were applying  by our farmers, besides there were 13 active ingredients of fungicides 15, insecticides and 1  herbicides, 1 Molluscuide, they are using twice a week during crop cultivation; 60% of farmers  mentioned the presence of honey bees on there land Farmers knowledge in use of insecticides  (sethuraj, 2004)10 is Apporoaiate and safe for bees and farmers when applying insecticides in  there field, forager bee move to flowers as the preference (Allen et al 1998)4  to insecticides was  12.5% and 0%, 4.2% mortality test showed LD 5o value O. O1√g/√l insecticides rate is 0.031 and  0.09, which much lower than suggested dosage recommended br insecticides producer. (Said et  al 2013).78 This research conculde, that the use of insecticides could lower the pollination service.

The growth responses of green algae and blue green algae were estimated in small  simulated eutrophic systems receiving either high N/P ratios maintained with some  commonly used manures like Badam Oil Cake (BOC), Mustard Oil Cake (MOC), mixture  of BOC and MOC (MIX) or high P/N ratios created by Single Super Phosphate (SSP).  Prior to the main experiment a pilot study was carried out with different manures and  fertilizers with algal rich pond water to select the suitable N/P ratios of the manures for  the main experiment. Based on the results of the primary productivity of the pilot studies,  treatments with varying N/P ratios of 60:1(BOC), 50:1(MOC) and 40:1(MIX) were set  up in the main experiment along with N/P ratios of 1:20 and 1:40 with SSP. In both  the experiments, pond water rich in mixed algal population was added to each jar. The  bacterial enzyme activity in the MOC treatment played an important role as a driving  factor ensuring the role of microbial heterotrophic pathway in controlling harmful algal  bloom. The role of N/P ratio in shifting the food chain from blue green algae to benign  algal food chain, i.e. green algae is evident from a better positive correlation between the  N/P ratio with green algal growth rather than the Microcystis sp. bloom. So, the effects of  N/P ratios of Badam Oil Cake (60:1), Mustard Oil Cake (50:1) and Mix (Badam Oil Cake  + Mustard Oil cake) showed favourable conditions for the growth of green algae thus  controlling the major eutrophication syndrome.

Metamorphosing tadpoles of Rana hexadactyla were exposed to sublethal concentration  of dye effluent for different periods. The prometamorphic tadpoles registered elevation  in the levels of FAA and depletion of BAA. But the tadpoles in metamorphic climax stage  showed abnormal increase in BAA, while the post metamorphic individuals exhibited  rise in BAA and fall in the FAA content.

Indian major carps (IMCs) are one of the most economically important as well as edible  food fishes all over the world. IMCs are showing different disease problems that cause harm  for healthy fishes. The present study was carried out from 12 months of survey study between  June 2021 to May 2022 for investigations of different causative fish parasites. In this section,  our area of concerning fishes were cyprinidae family fishes the ectoparasites infect them which  belong to groups of myxozoan, and protozoan fish parasites that lead to cause severe damage  and finally, mass mortality has been observed. In Labeo catla (Hamilton, 1822) showing highest  Myxobolus infection was observed in the rainy season (65.55%), and Thelohanellus infection was  abundant in winter (65.83%). Another way, L. rohita showed a massive Myxobolus infection  rate in January (56.66%), Thelohanellus and Trichodina infections highest in April (63.33% and  53.33%). In this article, the prevalence of parasitic studies has been dealt with. As per seasonal  diversity, host age, size of the hosts and sex-wise prevalence of parasitic infection over the  fish sectors. Here, parasitic infections were shown at different time scales which are stated in  this research article. As per the sex wise study, the highest infection was observed in females  as compared to male fishes. The large sized fishes were highly prone to parasitic diseases as  subjected to small young fishes.

Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) is becoming a widely used method to sample hardto-reach populations, especially in Public Health and Social Science research. The purpose of  this systematic review is to present an overall view of RDS methodology, its applications in  different areas as well as the difficulties faced when implementing it. A search of electronic  databases was conducted systematically to find relevant studies for synthesis that would  provide insight into the strengths, limitations and future directions of RDS.