Journal of Microbiology and Related Research

Enterobiasis is a uncommon nematode infestation that can been caused uncontrolled diarrhoea in HIV infected patient. It is an important tropical infection that can affect the patients at any sexes and age groups. The present of enterobiasis in HIV infected patients is of interest. In this short article, the authors summarize on Enterobiasis in HIV infected patients.

Keywords: HIV; Enterobiasis; Diarrhoea.

Introduction: Neonatal septicemia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a nonspecific signs and symptoms in association with bacteremia that occurs in the first month of life. It is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among neonates in India with an estimated incidence of approximately 4% in intramural live births. Blood culture remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. 

Methodology: Patients presented to department of pediatrics (NICU), were examined clinically by pediatricians and 122 cases of neonatal septicemia were identified on the basis of the signs and symptoms and were included for the study.

Results: The distribution of 122 suspected cases of neonatal septicemia studied according place of birth was, 106 (86.88%) babies were inborn followed by 16 (13.12%) outworn babies. Of 16 outworn, 14 (11.48 %) neonates were born in the hospital and 2 (1.63%) babies had born in ambulance.

Conclusion: In the present study, among 122 cases, 41(33.30%) were preterm babies, 80 (65.59%) were term babies and 1 (0.81%) neonate was found to be post term.

Keywords: Neonatal Septicemia; EOS; LOS.

Inroduction: Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Diabetics exhibit a great frequency and severity of infection. A diabetic with foot complication spends 32.3% of the total income compared to 9.3% by the diabetic without foot complication

Materials & Methods:  The sample taken was pus and exudates from the base of the ulcer after cleaning the necrotic tissue with a saline gauge. Direct Microscopy, Culture, Biochemical reactions & antibiotic sensitivity,

Results: The male to female ratio was 2.03 in our study, The ulcers occurred over a wide range of age from 16 years to 78 years with a mean age of 47 years.64 out of 100 cases were between the ages of 45-65 years. There was only one case below 25 years of age and 3 cases above 75 years, Monomicrobial infections are more in grades–I &II and polymicrobial infections are more in grades– III & IV. 

Conclusion: The present study was conducted to know the bacteriology and antibiogram of diabetic foot infections in and aroundMangode, Palakkaddistrict Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism isolated and constitutes 32.43% of the total isolates Out of the 15 Pseudomonal isolates that were subjected to Screening of Amp – C β lactomase by diantagonism test only 4 isolates showed blunting of Cefotaxime zone of inhibition adjacent and to Cefoxitin and were considered screen positive

Keywords: Diabetic Foot; Amp – C; β Lactamase.

Introduction: Acinetobacter species are capable of causing infections such as pneumonia, sepsis in wounds, urinary infections, septicemia, endocarditis and meningitis. Apart from hospital acquired infections there has been a rising trend in community acquired infections with Acinetobacter species. It’s intrinsic resistance and multi - drug resistance is posing a major health challenge. Acinetobacter species are becoming increasingly resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, broad spectrum B-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins and carbapenems.11 The aim of this study was to analyse the frequency of isolation of Acinetobacter species in various clinical specimens coming for culture in Microbiology department and also to assess antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates.

Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted between January to April 2018 in the Microbiology department of our centre. 2015 clinical specimens from both sexes and all ages like urine, pus, blood, different body fluids like pleural, ascitic, synovial, sputum and endotracheal tube etc were included in the study

Results: Significant growth of Acinetobacter was observed in 10 (1.37%) cases .Acinetobacter was isolated from 3 Pus samples, 4 ET secretion samples, and one each from Urine, Throat swab and Body Fluid samples. The isolates were sensitive to only Colistin and Tigecycline with intermediate resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Cefepime and
resistant to all the other antibiotics in all clinical specimens.

Conclusion: Treatment of infections caused by Acinetobacter species is becoming increasingly difficult due to emergence of multidrug and pan drug resistant strains of Acinetobacter. The rampant and injudicious use of antibiotics is a major cause of this emerging drug resistance. A stringent hospital antibiotic policy and infection control policy should be implemented

Keywords: Acinetobacter Species; ET Secretions; Pan Drug Resistance.

Introduction: Dermatophytosis is superficial fungal infection caused by dermatophytes. North Karnataka is well known for its hot and humid conditions making its population at risk for many fungal infections. Hence this study was undertaken to know the prevalence of dermatophytoses in our tertiary care hospital at Gulbarga and to isolate and identify the most common dermatophyte causing tinea infection in the said population.

Materials and methods: This is a nine months study where a total of 195 samples from patients who were clinically suspected to have dermatophytoses were collected. Direct examination for fungal elements was done by using 10% KOH for skin and hair samples and 20% KOH for nail samples. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) with gentamicin and cycloheximide (SDA with actidione). Samples were inoculated and incubated at 370C and another set at 250C in BOD incubator. Identification of fungal growth was done by macroscopic examination of colony morphology, pigment production and microscopic examination by lactophenol cotton blue preparation.

Results: In this study, out of 195 clinically suspected cases, 142 (72.82%) samples were positive in direct examination and 66 (33.84%) cases were culture positive. Most number of clinical cases was observed between age groups of 0–20 (57.43%) years and in males (62.05%). The most common clinical presentation of tinea infection in the patients coming to our hospital was T.corporis (35.38%). Most of the culture positive samples were from the age group of 0-10 years and most common clinical presentation among the culture positive samples was T.corporis. Out of 66 culture positive cases, the most common dermatophyte species isolated was Trichophyton rubrum (21, 31.81%),
followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (17, 25.75%).

Conclusion: Most common dermatophyte causing infection was Trichophyton and most common species causing infection in patients coming to our hospital was Trichophyton rubrum.

Keywords: Dermatophytes; Trichophyton; Trichophyton Rubrum; Trichophyton Mentagrophytes; Tinea Corporis.

Context: Hepatitis B virus infection is a global health problem. Centre for Disease Control and prevention recommends vaccination for all health care workers. Protection statuses of vaccinees need to be assessed by measuring anti- Hepatitis B surface antigen level in the serum.

Aims: This study aims to detect the serum levels of anti-Hepatitis B surface antigen level among vaccinated health care workers of our Institution.

Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study

Methods and Material: This study included 93 heath care workers (surgeons, physicians, dentists, medical students, nurses, laboratory technicians, blood bank personnel and hospital attendants) of our tertiary care hospital for testing of anti-Hepatitis B surface antigen level; liver function tests were also done for the participants.

Statistical analysis: Data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences version 22. Percentages were calculated for categorical variables, Chi-square test was used for comparison of proportions. Logistic regression analysis was performed for studying the factors influencing response to vaccine.

Results: In the present study, it was observed that about 9.7% were nonresponders, 21.5% were poor responders and the rest (68.8%) were responders.

Conclusions: All vaccinated individuals cannot be presumed to be fully protected. It is imperative to
test the anti-Hepatitis B surface antigen level of the individual after completing the course to decide on appropriate measures to be taken.

Keywords: Hepatitis B Surface Antigen; Heath Care Workers; Responders; Vaccinees.

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious arthropod borne viral disease of wild and domestic ruminants especially sheep which inflict major losses on subsistence of sheep farmers in southern India. Affected sheep may have erosions and ulcerations on the mucous membranes, dyspnea, lameness and inflammation of the coronary band. The disease is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), the type species of the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. BTV is transmitted between their ruminant hosts by certain species of haematophagous insects such as Culicoides (biting midge). BT is OIE list ‘A’ multispecies disease. Till date more than 27 serotypes have been reported. The present study was carried out with the objectives to identify and characterize the Culicodes species available in our laboratory. The Culicoides DNA samples extracted using a non-destructive DNA extraction method were amplified using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene specific primers. An amplicon of 523 bp was obtained in amplified sample. The samples were further morphologically confirmed as culicoides oxystoma by stereo microscope. In this study, 25 Culicoides samples were processed for molecular detection by PCR. Out of these 20 samples were identified as C. Oxystoma. Morphological study by stereo microscope also confirmed these 20 samples as C. Oxystoma.

Keywords: Bluetongue Virus; Non-Destructive DNA Extraction; Culicoides Oxystoma; PCR.

Aims and Objective: In this paper, we review the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and risk factors in patients with septicaemic meliodosis, seen over a period of five years - from 2010 to 2014.

Material and methods: We have collected all blood culture of B. pseudomallei positive patients, between the periods January 2010 to December 2014 for the study. Identification of B. pseudomalleifrom positive blood cultures was done by cultural characteristics where all isolates were serologically confirmed using polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using standardized protocols. Geometric mean MIC for each antibiotic for each year was calculated and reported.

Results: A total of 54 patients were found to have B. pseudomallei septicaemia during the study period, 8 in 2010, 14 in 2011, 14 in 2012, 11 in 2013 and 7 in 2014. Of them, 47 (87%) were males, while the rest 7 (13%) were females. Ages of the patients ranged from 0 to 67 years (mean - 43.22±14.778).The organism was largely susceptible to ceftazidime, doxycycline, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and carbapenems. We found only a single isolate of B. pseudomallei which showed resistance to meropenem and doxycycline.

Conclusion: The study results re-assured that the organism is largely susceptible to routinely used antibiotics. The collation of MIC data over 5 years in the tertiary care institution was unable to reveal an evident MIC trend for ceftazidime, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and carbapenems.

Keywords: Septicaemic Meliodosis; B. Pseudomallei; Antibiotic Sensitivity; Risk Factors. 

Surgical wound infections remains one of the most important post operative complications accounting for 10 to 20% of the hospital cost. In most post operative SSI the causative pathogens originates from normal flora of patients skin, mucous membrane or hollow viscera. SSI can cause considerable mortality and morbidity. Wide spread use of antibiotics leads to major problem of MDR organisms contributing to longer stay in hospitals. Hence the present study was carried out to determine the incidence of surgical wound infection with antibiogram.

Introduction: The greatest threat that diagnosticians and physicians face today is from the multi drug resistant bacteria. The multidrug resistance associated with extended spectrum β lactamases (ESBL), Amp-C and metallo β lactamase (MBL) producers poses a considerable therapeutic challenge leading to treatment failure. So the present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of various β Lactamases in the clinical isolates.

Materials and Methods: We included a total of consecutive 206 isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia in our study, over a period of one year. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed in accordance with guidelines by Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute (CLSI). ESBL production was confirmed by using the double disc diffusion test recommended by CLSI. AmpC disc test was performed for confirmation of AmpC production and MBL producers were detected using EDTA disc potentiation test.

Result: Of the total 206 isolates, 46 (22.33%) were found to be pure ESBL producers, 64 (31.06) were AmpC producers out of which only one isolate produced pure AmpC. MBL production was confirmed in 11 (5.33%) isolates. The significant finding of this study was the co production of ESBL and AmpC which was detected in 53 (25.72%), taking the total number of ESBL producers to 99 (48.05%). AmpC and MBL were co produced by 10 (4.85%) isolates. 

Conclusion: Routine laboratory detection of multiple beta lactamases has become the need of the hour and is recommended, since the occurrence and co-existence of beta lactamases in Gram negative bacilli is on the rise.

Keywords: Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL); AmpC Beta Lactamase; Metallo Beta Lactamase (MBL); Co-Producers.