Indian Journal of Anatomy

Neural tube defect (NTD) is a complex congenital anomaly affecting meninges, vertebral arches, muscle and skin. Spina bifida denotes non-fusion of two vertebral arches causing herniation of meninges and spinal cord through it which is termed as meningomyelocoele (MMC). Meningomeylocoele develops around 4th week of gestation and accounts for an incidence of 1 per 1000 live births. Nearly every case of MMC is associated with hydrocephalus. These neural tube defects form a greater part of fetal morbidity and mortality. Early surgery should be performed because of risk of infection and to prevent further damage to nervous tissue. Proper medical and nutritional advice can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects.

Keywords: Neural Tube Defect; Meningomyelocoele; Hydrocephalus. 

Objective: The aim of this study was to calculate the morphometric values of scapula and to determine the scapular index in Marathwada population. Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 142 adult dry human scapulae of known sex in department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, and Aurangabad. Out of these, 102 belong to males and 40 belong to females. Result: Mean scapular length and breadth were statistically significant as having p value <0.05. The mean scapular length was 141.8 ± 8. 23 mm and 123.887.57 mm in males and femalesrepectively. The mean scapular breadth was102.836.24 mm in males and 90.456.19 mm in females. The correlation between scapular length and breadth was expressed as scapular index. The mean scapular index was 72.34.2mm in males and 73.12 4.75mm in females. Conclusion: Knowledge of scapular measurements like scapular length, breadth and index can be useful to determine the sex of an individual in medicolegal cases.

Keywords: Scapular Length; Scapular Breadth; Scapular Index. 

Background: External ear is a defining feature of the face as it contributes to facial aesthetics by its appearance and symmetry. Its shape and size is influenced by age, sex and ethnic origin. Features of auricle had long been recognized as an important anthropological variable for studying racial variability and for identifying few genetic abnormalities at an early stage of life. Out of all available methods to study external ear indices, digital photometry is most convenient and useful method.Objectives: To study external ear indices using digital photometry among adult population. Methods: The present cross sectional study consisted of 500 adult subjects between 20 to 30 years of age. Patients with malignancies, previous surgery or trauma to the earlobe, or congenital earlobe anomalies were excluded. Ear features were then captured using a digital camera mounted on stand. Various soft tissue landmarks were tagged on the photo and the various tagged points were connected on the photo. Different parameters on right and left ear were measured. The indices like auricular, lobular and conchal were computed. The measurements were statistically analyzed by calculating their mean and standard deviations. Results: There were 250 women and 250 men. Oval shape of auricle was more common both in males as well as in females. Auricular and conchal index in males as well as females on right and left side were statistically insignificant. These indices were significantly different in both genders. Lobular index in males on right and left side was statistically not significant, but was significant in females. Gender wise lobular index on right side was statistically significant. Conclusion: The result of the present study also can be used in the field of Forensic Science for excluding criminals. Ear Biometrics is a promising new passive approach to Human Identification system used for screening people. This knowledge will be useful in designing a new identification tool-‘Ear Biometrics’

Background: The glenoid cavity is a shallow pyriform articular surface on the lateral angle of scapula. The shape and dimensions of glenoid cavity are important in the design and fitting of glenoid component for total shoulder arthroplasty. The shoulder arthroplasty is a common orthopedic intervention in the clinical management of shoulder arthritis. Appropriate fixation of glenoid component is essential to evade loosening which is the common indication for revision surgery. Aims and Objectives: To determine the morphometry of glenoid cavityof scapula bones belonging to South Indian population. To assess the incidence of different shapes of glenoid cavity. Methodology: The present study was carried out on 182 dry adult scapulae of unknown sex belonging to South Indian population. Three glenoid diameters were measured using Vernier caliper. The shape of glenoid cavity was classified as inverted comma, pear and oval shape based on a notch present on anterior glenoid rim. Results: The mean superior-inferior diameter was 34.70 ± 3.64 mm. The mean anterior-posterior diameter of lower half of glenoid cavity was 23.59 ± 2.33 mm. The average anterior-posterior of upper half was 15.50 ± 1.55 mm. Conclusion: The left glenoid cavity was slightly longer in length. This fact may be taken into consideration while designing glenoid prosthesis for south Indian population. The morphometric data regarding the glenoid cavity will be helpful in evaluating the defects or lesions of glenoid cavity and is important in the diagnosis and management of diseases of shoulder joint.

Keywords: Glenoid Cavity; Morphometry; Scapula; Glenoid Notch. 

Background and aims: The lateral ventricle lies in each cerebral hemisphere with its three horns and body. The study of normal and variant anatomy of ventricles of brain is very useful for clinicians and neurosurgeons in their routine practice. This study is directed to look for the changes in size of occipital and temporal horn of lateral ventricle as per age and sex of cadaveric brain. Materials and Methods: 32 brains (20 males and 12 females) of cadavers with age ranging from 31 to 90 years were dissected and the lengths of occipital and temporal horns were measured. Data was analyzed with respect to age and sex of cadavers. Results: It was observed that mean lengths of both the horns increases with advancing age. No significant gender difference in dimensions of both the horns of lateral ventricle was observed. Conclusion: The present study showed that the age factor is responsible for change in the size of occipital and temporal horns of lateral ventricle. The present study will be helpful to radiologist and neurosurgeons to differentiate the enlarged size of occipital and temporal horns by aging from that of other pathological conditions.

Context: Normally Obturator Artery arising from anterior division of internal iliac artery. It supplies perineum and pelvic organs. The enlightenment and proper knowledge of the obturator artery of its origin, course will provide the surgeon proper guidelines of the artery during various surgical procedure. Hence the present study was been undertaken with reference to their surgical significance. Aims: To study the origin and course of obturator artery in human cadaveric specimen. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences for duration of 2year from April 2015 to April 2017. In the present study, 30 dissected hemi pelvic specimens of both male and female formalin fixed cadavers were taken. The origin and course of obturator were traced along with noting down the variations in them. Results: In the present study, Obturator artery arising from anterior division of internal iliac artery was noted in 14 cases, 5 cases from inferior epigastric artery, 4 cases from external iliac artery and it also arising from the common trunk of anterior division of internal iliac artery in 7 cases. Conclusion: Anatomical data obtained about variations in origin of obturator artery is of importance for surgeons and radiologists for procedures in reconstructive surgeries involving in the groin.

Background: One of the common etiology for shoulder pain is suprascapular nerve entrapment. The suprascapular notch is a depression present on the lateral part of superior border of scapula, which is bridged by superior transverse scapular ligament. It transmits the suprascapular nerve to supraspinatus fossa. Variations in the morphology of suprascapular notch are one of the causes for suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. It also forms an important landmark for suprascapular nerve in arthroscopic shoulder surgeries. The aim of the present study is to note the various shapes of suprascapular notch and its clinical implications. Materials and Methods: One hundred and ten dry adult scapulae of both sides were examined for variations in shapes of suprascapular notch. We classified suprascapular notch in to six types based on study done be Rengacahry et al. Results: In the present study, out of 110 scapulae, we observed Type I (without discrete notch) in 12 scapulae. Type III was the commonest with fifty-seven scapulae. The incidence of Type VI (complete ossified notch) was seen in 10 scapulae. Conclusion: The knowledge of anatomical variations in the shapes of suprascapular notch will be helpful in understanding the etiology of suprascapular nerve entrapment. The determination of type of notch helps the clinicians in screening the high risk population in patients with shoulder pain. Anatomical knowledge of such variations should be kept in mind by a radiologist, Orthopaedicians and neurosurgeons as these variations may alter the technique of surgery.

Placenta develops and grows till 37th week of pregnancy.Any insult durings its development such as PIH, a disease unique to pregnancy not only affects maternal health but also affects the placental development which in turn jeopardize the fetal normalcy. Present study was carried out to know the effect of PIH on placental weight, fetal weight and fetoplacental weight ratio. A total of 100 placentae of which 50 placentae of normotensive (control group) and 50 placentae of hypertensive pregnancy (PIH group) were collected fresh from either the delivery room or operation theatre. Placentae were washed, dried and weighted. Fetus was also weighted on the same weighing machine. Fetoplacental weight ratio was calculated. It was found that the weight of placenta and weight of fetus were significantly decreased in PIH group as compared to control group. The mean Placental weight was found to be 439.8 grams in control group and 378.6 gram in PIH group. Fetal weight was also decreased significantly. The mean fetal weight in control group was 2677.6 grams and 2112.2 grams in PIH group. The study showed linear co relation between fetal weight and placental weight in control group and there was significant decrease in fetoplacental weight ratio in PIH group.

This paper introduces different teaching aids to enhance the interest in students pursuing medical education. Two hundred subjects are presented with different forms of teaching and their feedback is recorded. The subjects are surveyed on multiple parameters such as duration of the lecture, interaction between students and teachers, using audio-visual aids, emphasis on practical knowledge, concentration and interest generated by the teacher towards the topic. Finally, it is concluded that to maximize the learning potential among the students, the duration of the lecture should be between 45 to 60 minutes with ample audio-visual aids and regular interaction between the teacher and student.

The aim of study was to present and describe the variant anatomical origins of the vertebral artery and its entrance into the cervical vertebra. The study material consists of 50 embalmed cadavers 9 females and 41 males at the Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Nerul, Navi Mumbai. Out of which in 3 (6%) cadaverswere found where the left vertebral artery arises directly from the arch of aorta between the origins of the left common carotid and the left subclavian artery. In all cadavers right vertebral artery arises from the first part of right subclavian artery. These vertebral arteries coursed upward to the transverse foramen of cervical vertebra at different levels. Out of the 50 cadavers, the right vertebral arteries entered through transverse foramen of 6thand 5th cervical vertebrae 46 (92%) and 4 (8%) respectively. left vertebral artery entered through transverse foramen of 6th cervical vertebra in 44 (88%), while those of 5th and 4th in 4(8%) and 2(4%). The vertebral artery is important to posterior cerebral circulation so it is of clinical important to know the origin and course of the vertebral artery. The relation is important while performing transpedicular fixation or other spinal surgeries.

In this study, we observe the developing cortex of the fetal adrenal gland in one hundred normal Human fetuses (71 males and 29 females) over a period of two and half years in various stages of development. Subsequently, we correlate the light microscopic studies of the fetal adrenal gland with respect to its development and functional activity. Moreover, the width of definitive and fetal cortices is noted and its ratio for the respective gestational age is calculated. The ratio of the measurements of width of definitive cortex and fetal cortex remains constant i.e. 1:4 at all stages of development; consequently, it can be suggested that the definitive cortex is continuously proliferating and adding cells to fetal cortex where the cells become differentiated and functional. After functioning for some time, the fetal cortical cells must be degenerating. Further, the fetal cortex comprises 80% of adrenal cortex till birth. The cells of the fetal cortex show vacuolated cytoplasm indicating a steroidogenic activity as early as 15-16 weeks of gestation and acts as an endocrine gland throughout the gestational period. Finally, we affirm and compile the development of the cortex in various gestational stages.

MBBS or bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery is one of the longest and toughest course in any university. The practice of medicine is an art, not a trade, a calling, not a business- a calling inwhich your heart will be exercised equally with your head[1]. Students entering Medical College come from different backgrounds and have different expectations. They are faced by multiple problems like home sickness, peer pressure, ragging, language and other adjustment problems. Along with these problems different study environment and new medical subjects would make them more stressed. Rising above all these teething problems, there is a need to appreciate the nature of their chosen profession Hence MCI has set clear regulations regarding the crucial foundation course or orientation programme to shape them into model doctors. According to the Medical Council of India Vision 2015, Foundation course or orientation programme will be of 2 months duration after admission to prepare a student to study Medicine effectively. Orientation programme is mainly intended to familiarize a person to a new programme or environment. It should be the first task of any organization and can be conducted in the form of a conventional orientation program (OP) or merely a walk around the establishment. It has got a role in lowering the anxiety of new workplace, and would be beneficial for both faculty and for new students. The Foundation course or orientation program should enable the student to acquire enhanced skills in: i) Language, ii)Interpersonal relationships, iii) Communication, iv) Learning including self or directed learning, v) Time management, vi) Stress management, vii) Use of information technology and train the students to provide: i)First aid ii) Basic life support [2]. Many medical colleges in India are running Orientation programme for new MBBS entrants of varying duration of 1-3 days. [3,4]. In this scenario the medical education unit of P K Das Institute of Medical sciences developed and conducted an orientation programme of four days duration for first year MBBS students. The program was structured around 8 core areas - 1)orientation in the clinical departments of hospital, 2) the qualities of an ideal doctor, 3) doctor patient relationship and ethics, 4) biomedical waste disposal, 5) medical teacher student relationship, 6) how to give a first aid in emergency, 7) how to be a leader in a group and 8) how to give a summary on the discussions. The sessions included use of innovative methods such as skits, role play and student team building exercises after an initial ice-breaking session. Sessions were all interactive requiring active participation from both the students and the faculties. The program ended on a positive note on the 4th day, with a short feedback from the student representative and staff representative. The orientation program was firstone of this kind held and to know the strengths and weaknesses of this programme for further improvement an evaluation was conducted from students perspective. Aim & Objectives1. To evaluate the orientation programme conducted among first year MBBS students, from students perspective. 2. To evaluate the overall teaching skills of the faculties who had conducted the Orientation program.

Background: The unique identity of cervical vertebrae is the presence of foramen transversarium in their transverse processes. Foramen transversarium (FT) differentiate cervical vertebrae from other vertebrae. It transmits vertebral artery, vertebral vein and sympathetic nerves from inferior cervical ganglion. Variations in number and size of FT of the cervical vertebrae may lead to headache, migraine and fainting attacks due to compression of vertebral artery. Objective: To study anatomical variants of foramen transversarium in dried cervical vertebrae and its applied importance. Material &Methods: The present study was conducted on 65dry human cervical vertebra of unknown age and sex in the Department of Anatomy, ACPM Medical College, Dhule. This was an observational study over a period of six months from August 2016 to Jan 2017.All the cervical vertebrae were observed macroscopically for the presence of double foramen transversarium on both sides and the results were analyzed and compared with other studies. Results: Double foramen transversarium was seen in 12 (18.5%) cervical vertebra out of total 65 vertebra studied. Out of 12 double FT, unilateral double FT was noted in 07 (58.3%) and bilateral double FT was seen in 05(41.7%) of cervical vertebra. Regular foramen was larger than accessory foramen.Conclusion: Anatomical variants of FT leads to various clinical symptoms and pathological conditions. Thorough knowledge of FT variants is helpful for neurosurgeons while operating and preventing injury to vertebral vessels in the spinal region and the radiologists for proper diagnosis.

Background: Urinary bladder serves an important function of temporary storage of urine without changing its constituents. Many studies are available for the gastrointestinal tract [1,2,3] ellustrating the muscularis mucosae presence and its role in local contractility. But only few studies are available to describe the development and role of muscularis mucosae layer of urinary bladder. Current study is on the urinary bladder involving the microscopic examination of wall of 50 aborted human fetuses’ urinary bladders of different gestational age from 9th week onwards. Aims: 1. To note presence, structural differentiation and maturity of muscularis mucosae layer which it attains at different stages of development to show the adult picture. 2. To compare and contrast differences between different age groups and with previous studies and available literature. Study Design: Observational (Qualitative) study. Material and Method: 50 aborted human fetuses (29 females and 21 males) of different gestational age from 9th week onwards were collected, urinary bladder were taken out and fixed in a fixative. Blocks of tissues were made from bladder wall proper, trigone & bladder neck and processed to get sections which were stained with 1) Haematoxylin and Eosin [4], 2) Masson’s trichrome stain [4]. Statistical Analysis: No measurements have been taken as it is an Observational study, so statistical analysis is not applicable. Results: The stained sections were examined under light microscope at 10 X and 40 X magnifications. Muscularis mucosa was not differentiable between 12-16 weeks. At 17th week, it was first seen as a thin, discontinuous layer of spindle shaped cells. 24th week onwards muscularis mucosae was thicker, wavy and stained dark eosinophilic. Further it showed adult picture and stained bright red with special muscle stain Masson’s Trichrome. Conclusions: Muscularis mucosa was discernible from 17th week and increased in thickness and differentiated in subsequent weeks. It was found in 75% of studied aborted fetuses.

One hundred and five patients (81 males and 24 females) with symptoms of dysuria associated with urinary tract infections, reflux of urine, urinary stasis were studied at MIMSR Medical College and YCR Hospital, Latur, from Feb 2012 to Feb 2015. These patients were from different areas of South Maharashtra. These cases were evaluated by micturating cystourethrogram (M C U) & retrograde cystourethrography (RCG). The patients with congenital malformation of the urinary tract system were studied separately to find out the incidence of these malformations in South Maharashtra. The Congenital anomalies which we came across were - Posterior Urethral Valves, Urinary bladder diverticulum, Urethral Diveticulum, Prune belly Syndrome & Meatal Stenosis. Most of them were seen in 0-5 years of age & all were male patients. The overall incidence of Congenital anomalies of urinary system in our study is 7.4%. We also calculated incidence of individual Congenital anomaly. The results were analysed and compared with similar other studies.

Introduction: The revolutionary changes in the surgical treatment of unicompartmental and total knee arthroplasty make it important for surgeons and radiologists to acquaint themselves with relevant knowledge pertaining to the morphometry of tibial tuberosity and it’s clinical significance. Material and Methods: This study was undertaken on 122 normal dry adult human tibia of known sex and side (62 males & 60 females) in terms of Distance of tibial tuberosity from anterior border of inter condylar area, length and breadth in upper smooth part and lower rough partof tibial tuberosity. Result: Different parameters in male and female bones were taken on right and left side, the differences among them are significant. Conclusions: Sound knowledge of tibial tuberosity morphometry and variability helps orthopaedic surgeon in carrying out surgical procedures

Background: Accessory Sulci can be incidentally detected during any radiological procedures, routine autopsies, surgery or anatomical dissections. These have been investigated as congenital development or acquired due to pressure exerted by surrounding viscera. Aim: The aim of the present study was to find out the presence of Accessory Sulcus (AS) in the embalmed cadaveric livers, compare it with the normal liver and correlated its clinical implications. Materials and Methods: All intact cadaveric formalin-fixed 20 livers were utilised for the study. All the livers belonged to adults of unknown age and known sex (male-18, female-2) in the Department of Anatomy, in order to observe the presence and pattern of AS. Result: The diaphragmatic sulci (DS) were present in 2 cases. They were starting from the right side of the inferior vena cava on right lobe of liver extending from superior surface to the anterior and right surfaces. A Rouviere’s sulcus containing the right portal pedicle extending from the right of the porta hepatis, anterior to the caudate process was seen in 10% of cases. In one case sulcus extending from the right of fossa for gall bladder having a curved course bisecting the inferior border, was seen. Besides this, some minor sulci on the quadrate and caudate and left lobes were also seen.Conclusion: The anatomical knowledge of these hepatic AS may be utilised by radiologists to avoid possible errors in interpretation and subsequent misdiagnosis and may assist hepatobiliary surgeons to plan a safe surgical approaches.

Foramen magnum is a large opening through which vital structures pass. The foramen magnum is an important landmark of the skull base. Posterior condylar canal, Posterior condylar vein and Occipital emissary vein are of utmost importance for postero-lateral surgical approaches to foramen magnum. Aim: To provide a database of dimensions of foramen magnum and posterior condylar foramen to help in various surgical procedures. Methods and Materials: Seventy five dry human skull of unspecified gender and age obtained from Department of Anatomy of Medical colleges. Various parameters of foramen magnum and presence or absence of posterior condylar foramina were noted. Results and Conclusions: The mean antero-posterior distance through the centre of foramen magnum was 33.56mm, mean transverse distance was 28.38mm, Foramen magnum index was 84.89 and Foramen magnum surface area was 751.46 mm2. The posterior condylar foramina were present bilaterally in 66.66% of skulls, absent bilaterally in 14.66% and were unilateral in 18.66%. This study will be helpful to clinicians and surgeons dealing with the region of posterior cranial fossa before planning a surgery in the occipital condylar region.

 Introduction: Talus is the key tarsal bone of the foot. It is unique in the sense that it has no muscular attachments. Sexual dimorphism and racial differences in the talus is utmost important for the forensic experts, anatomists as well as physical anthropologists. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether sex or race related morphometric differences in the various parameters of head and neck of talus could be demonstrated, and if so whether they are useful for the identification of individuals of unknown sex and race or not. Material and Method: Current study was done on the 221 dry adult human talus. The parameters of head and neck of talus included in the study are length, breadth and height of head of talus as well as head-neck length of talus. Results: Findings of all four parameters of head and neck of talus in male were more as compared to those of female in the Gujarati population of present study. Discussion: Findings of present study were compared with the findings of other researchers who measured the same parameters in the different populations. Conclusion: All four parameters of head and neck of talus included in the study are useful for the sexual dimorphism of talus in the Gujarati population of present study as well as they are useful for the identification of individuals of unknown race.

Introduction: Asterion is the junction of parietal, mastoid part of temporal & occipital bones. It is related to junction of transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Developmentally asterion is the location of posterolateral fontanelle. Aim: To study the morphological features of asterion with or without sutural bones in 110 (220 sides) human adult dry skulls. Material & Methods: 220 sides of 110 dry adult skull bones of both male & female were studied, for the morphological features of asterion. Depending on the observations, classification is done as type I and type II. Results: Incidence noted is 20.9% are type-I and 79% are type-II. Conclusion: Presence of sutural bones at the asterion will be of greater significance, during neurosurgical procedures and also during radiological investigations.

Introduction: In the light of increase in incidence of pulmonary diseases, there is a concomitant increase in study of lungs and bronchial tree morphologically and clinically. The knowledge of this study is of immense value in endoscopic procedures for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The lungs are the essential organs of respiration which are divided into lobes by fissures. The fissures facilitate the movement of the lobes and help in a more uniform expansion of the whole lung. These fissures may be complete, incomplete or absent. In addition to these fissures, lung might also have accessory fissures, usually indicating the junction between bronchopulmonary segments. Knowledge of fissures is necessary for the appreciation of lobar anatomy and thus for locating the bronchopulmonary segments which are significant both anatomically and clinically. Aims and objectives: To study morphological variations in relation to fissures and lobes of lung and calculating percentage and comparing it with the previous studies to conclude incidence of occurance of variations bilaterally among coastal south Indians. Materials & Methods: we have studied 77 lungs obtained from embalmed cadavers by dissection method according to standard method described in Cunningham’s Practical manual. Results: Out of total 37 right lungs, 9 showed absences of horizontal fissure, 9 showed incomplete horizontal fissure and 19 lungs showed complete both horizontal and oblique fissures. Out of total 40 left lungs, 30 lungs showed complete oblique fissure and 10 showed incomplete oblique fissures. No Accessory fissure was seen bilaterally. Conclusions: Awareness of the variations in the lobes and fissures of the lungs is important for radiologists for proper radiological interpretation and to clinicians for performing segmental lung resections, lobectomies and endoscopic procedures.

Background: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery and its branches supply extensive and vital areas of the nervous system. This vessel is reported as the most variable cerebellar artery in the literature. The knowledge of normal anatomy as well as variations in this artery is of utmost importance to help diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions as well as space occupying lesions in the region of its distribution. Aims and Objectives: To study the normal gross anatomy and development of posterior inferior cerebellar artery, with incidence of variations and their embryological correlation. Materials & Methods: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery was studied by digital subtraction angiography. The procedure of digital subtraction angiography was performed in Department of Radiology of a tertiary care hospital of Mumbai in 102 consecutive subjects on both sides. Results: A significant number of variations were observed in origin, course and distribution of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in this study. Conclusion: This study confirms as well as adds to the knowledge of the existing literature on posterior inferior cerebellar artery and assists interventional radiologist, neurosurgeons and neurologist in diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.

Background and Aims: The morphometric study of the orbit is a common practice among anatomists, anthropologists, surgeons and forensic experts as it derives its importance with surgical procedures indicated for trauma, decompression, tumours and metastases. Surgically orbital morphometric study provides parameters for preoperative planning and prediction of postoperative outcome. Racial and ethnic differences noted on the basis of Orbital Index (OI) amongst different population formulates database for respective studies. Materials and Methods: 54 dry Indian human skulls of known sexes studied for orbital length, breadth and biorbital & inerorbital length. Orbital index calculated and compared for ethnic , racial differences. Results: no significant difference in orbital height and breadth noted on right and left side. Orbital index was found more in females. Conclusion: Present studies assess the clinical and surgical significance of the orbit to establish a morphometric analysis with interrelated structures, thus enhancing anatomic and anthropological knowledge regarding Indian orbits. Parameters of the study formulate guidelines for operative procedures.

The impact of pencil grasp on handwriting has been a topic of investigation since the 1940’s. Assessment of the handwriting skills in the form of speed fluency, mechanical fluency and its correlation with pencil grip pattern was done in the present study. 102 medical students were evaluated for mechanical and speed fluency in writing. Four types of pencil grips were recognised which include dynamic tripod, lateral tripod, dynamic quadrupeod, lateral quadrupod in the study. Dynamic tripod grip pattern was most common grip type used by students to write but contrary to the previous belief that dynamic tripod is an ideal grip when correlated to handwriting skills like mechanical and speed fluency present study shows that both this skills has shown highest score with dynamic quadrupod grip. So further evaluation on grip type and effect on writing can be studied in kinematic fashion using advance methodology.

Background and objective: Computed Tomography, provides a direct visual window into the morphological anatomy of the orbit. The morphometric information of the human orbit is of great importance to ophthalmologists, rhinologists, facial plastic surgeons, forensic experts as well as maxillo-facial surgeons. Purpose of the present study is to do morphological study of human adult orbit using randomly selected computed tomography images. Materials and Methods: Ours is a cross-sectional study where in 100 randomly selected computed tomography films of skull were studied in the department of ENT at Navodaya Medical College, Raichur during the month of January 2017. The morphological parameters of the orbit which were studied include shape, height, breadth, perimeter and orbital index. Results: Of the total 200 orbital readings in the total of 100 CT films, 94 (47%) orbits were round in shape and 106 (53%) orbits were in square shape. The mean height of the orbit was 3.58 cm (SD ±0.41). The mean breadth of the orbit was 4.18 cm (SD±0.47). The mean perimeter of the orbit was 12.58 cm (SD±0.94). The mean orbital index was 75.28 (SD±9.05). Conclusion: Computed Tomography, provides a direct visual window into the morphological anatomy of the orbit. The morphometric information of the human orbit is of great importance to ophthalmologists, rhinologists, facial plastic surgeons, forensic experts as well as maxillo-facial surgeons.

Introduction: The dominant coronary artery is that which gives the posterior interventricular branch, traversing the posterior interventricular sulcus and supplying the posterior part of the ventricular septum and often part of the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle as well. In various studies the right coronary artery dominance was observed in 63-90% cases, left coronary artery dominance was observed in 6-20% cases and Co-dominance was observed in 1-28% cases by various methods of study. Material and Methods: 55 heart specimens were dissected and 82 cases of angiography were studied. The dominance pattern along with sexual dimorphism were noted and analysed. Result: Amongst the total 137 cases right dominance was found in 72.3%, left dominance in 15.3% and co-dominance in 12.4%. Right dominance was found in 67.6% males & 85.7% females, Left dominance in 15.7% males & 14.3% females, Codominance in 16.7% males & in females no case of co-dominance was found. Conclusions: In females Right dominance was more than in males, while Left dominance and Co-dominance was more in males. The difference in dominance pattern male and females is statistically significant.

Background: Bone is often the only material remaining after decaying process of the human body. Therefore identification of age, sex is aim of anatomist, forensic expert as well as anthropologist. Present study will be helpful in medico legal cases in identification of sex with atlas vertebra 150 atlas vertebrae with known sex 98 male and 52 female were obtained. Measurements of atlas vertebrae were taken by using Vernier callipers. Mean, range, standard deviation calculated. Z test was used to find out statistical significance. Results: Demarking point regarding Distance between both tips of transverse process of atlas vertebrae in male was>86.34 and in female it was <62.98. Demarking point regarding transverse diameter of vertebral canal of atlas vertebrae in male was>32.6 and in female it was <22.07 Demarking point regarding anterioposterior diameter of vertebral canal of atlas vertebrae in male was>33.12 and in female it was <25.23 Demarking point regarding area of vertebral canal of atlas vertebrae in male was > 632.5 and in female it was < 455.8 Demarking point regarding circumference of vertebral canal of atlas vertebrae in male was > 100.45 and in female it was < 80.4. Conclusions: Parameters of atlas vertebrae more than Demarking point will be definitely of male atlas vertebrae and less than Demarking point will be of female atlas vertebrae. Present study will help in identification of sex of unknown atlas vertebra.

Background and objective: High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT), a modification of routine Computed Tomography, provides a direct visual window into the temporal bone providing minute structural details. Purpose of the present study is to evaluate the normal anatomical variations involving the temporal bone. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 80 randomly selected HRCT temporal bone films were studied in the department of ENT at Navodaya Medical College, Raichur during the month of February 2017. The HRCT films were studied in both the coronal and axial planes with thin 2mm sections using ultra high algorithm obtaining both contrast and non-enhanced images. Results were tabulated using percentages. Results: In our entire series of 80 films, we found that the facial canal was dehiscent in 2 cases. In both the cases, the dehiscence was at the region of the oval window niche. Conclusion: HRCT is a revolutionary imaging modality that helps in evaluating the anatomical variations affecting the temporal bone. HRCT of temporal bone predicts certain normal anatomical variants of surgical significance preoperatively.

The most common anomalies of cranio-vertebral junction are Chiari malformations. Chiari malformations constitute a variety of four main syndromes (I, II, III, and IV), which describe the protrusion of brain tissue into the spinal canal through the foramen magnum. These malformations frequently occur in combination with other pathological entities such as myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, and/or hydrosyringomyelia.They involve both skeletal and neural structures. The incidence of Chiari Malformation was 1 in 1000 births but with the increased use of imaging techniques such as CT scans and MR imaging it is suggested that this condition is much more common than thought earlier to be. However it is very difficult to estimate the exact rate of occurrence as some of cases are asymptomatic or do not develop symptoms till adulthood. In the present study 100 MRI films of patients with symptoms pertaining to chiari malformations from North Karnataka region were studied and interpreted.

Introduction: The thyroid gland is a very important endocrine gland, which is concerned with rate of metabolism, blood calcium level, and affects on growth and development in mammals.The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic architecture of thyroid glands of males and females. Objectives: To study the correlation between the weight of thyroid gland to the height of the cadavers. Material & Methods: Present study includes total 100 thyroid glands from cadavers, embalmed with 10% formalin of known sex from Medical collages. Study Periods & Designs: Between years DEC 2012 to JAN 2014. Statical Analysis: Analysed by simple statistical techniques and tests of significance including chi-squre tests were applied. Results: The Correlation of thyroid weight and height of cadaver was studied for males. There was negative correlation between height of cadaver and weight of thyroid gland. For females when correlation of thyroid weight and height of cadaver was studied. The result showed that there was positive correlation between height of cadaver and weight of thyroid gland. Coclusion: In case of male subject as height of cadaver increases, weight of thyroid gland decreases. In case of female subject as height increases, weight of thyroid gland also increases.