Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology

Meat is highly perishable commodity due to higher moisture and nutrient content. The main causes of spoilage in meat are microbial, chemical and enzymatic. Various preservation techniques have been developed to preserve meat and meat products with ten advancement of technology, consumer awareness for healthy and safe product as well as increased socioeconomic status of people. Still low temperature preservation techniques viz. chilling and freezing are the best methods for short and long term preservation of meat respectively. These methods are used to slow down the enzymatic reactions and microbial growth, but also effects the physico-chemical and sensorial properties of meat with progression of storage.

Keywords: Chilling, Freezing, Sensory properties, Physical and microbiological changes

Climate change will have significant impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. The consequences of climate change will be negative for fishers at low latitudes. In contrast, fish farmers may benefit from expansion of the areas where aquaculture is viable due to increased temperatures and rising sea levels. However, these benefits may be tempered by reduced water quality and availability, increased disease incidence and damage to freshwater aquaculture by salinization of ground water.

Keywords: Fisheries; Climate Change; Aquaculture; Temperature.

In Jammu and Kashmir State, there is a huge network of water resources which are usually in the shape of cold water streams, perennial rivers, lakes, reservoirs, sars, irrigation canals and several high altitude lakes. Besides, there are a great number of community and private ponds which may plays an important role in the fish production enhancement for state. As per the website of Department of Fisheries J&K Government, total fish production of the state was about 20.70 thousand tons (2017-18). Out of which 482 tons was contributed by trout fish. Due to its vast network of aquatic resources, fish and fisheries of Jammu and Kashmir State has great scope and potential to grow and develop exponentially. The State has great potential to promote diversified fisheries in terms of its unique agro-climatic conditions. The Jammu and Kashmir state comprises of three regions viz. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. Due to varied climatic conditions in these three regions, all have the great potential to develop and promote the various commercially important fish species. Jammu division itself has unique agro climatic conditions and offers potential for the development of both warm as well as cold water fisheries. Most of the districts of Jammu Province such as Doda, Ramban, Kishtwar, Jammu, Udhampur, Reasi, Kathua, Rajouri and Poonch offer great potential for the warm water and/or cold water fisheries and aquaculture. While in Kashmir valley, the temperate climate is favourable only for the development of cold water fisheries and aquaculture. The areas of Ladakh regions which comprise of Leh and Kargil are suitable for the development of cold water fisheries and Aquaculture. In all these regions some varieties of carp and/or trout are already introduced and cultured successfully and some farmers are earnings handsome income. There is great untapped potential in fisheries sector. On national level only one third of freshwater aquaculture and small portion of brackish water resources have been utilized for aquaculture. Reservoirs fisheries is also highly under-utilized (Av. annual yield – only 20 Kg/ha). A great amount of waste land in the farmer’s field as well as water logged land is also available in the state which may find a potential use in aquaculture sector. Many farmers are now gets attentive about the benefits/profits of aquaculture and thus coming forward for the adoption of Aquaculture along with traditional agriculture. In the coming years, it is hopeful that the fish production of the state will grow exponentially and the wide gap between the demand and supply will be minimized.

Keywords: Fish farming; Aquaculture; Culture system.

The present study was carried out with a view to investigate the production performance of layers fed with probiotic in diets at different concentration 0 (T1), 50 (T2), 100 (T3) and 150 g (T4) per ton of basal diets during post peak production (47 to 58 weeks of age). The basal diet was formulated with commonly available feed ingredients like maize, soybean meal, sunflower meal, de-oiled rice bran, fish meal as per the specifications of BIS, (1992) suitable for Indian conditions. The chemical composition (%) of the basal diet was 90.0 (DM), 18.09 (CP), 2.82 (EE), 7.65 (CF), 55.22 (NFE), 17.22 (TA) and 3.81 (AIA). The calculated ME content of the basal diet was 2654 Kcal/Kg. One hundred and eighty Single Comb White Leghorn layers were used in the experiment and divided into four dietary treatments with three replicates of fifteen birds each. During the experimental period feed intake, feed efficiency and body weights were recorded in three periods of 28 days each (47 to 50, 51 to 54 and 55 to 58 weeks). Serum parameters like total serum proteins and serum cholesterol levels were recorded at the start and at the end of the experiment. There was no significant difference observed in feed intake (g) during overall experimental laying period (47-58 weeks) and feed intake ranged from 118.53 (T4) to 120.18 g (T1). There was no significant difference in feed efficiency (kg feed consumed for dozen eggs) during 47-58 weeks of age. Better feed efficiency (kg feed consumed for dozen eggs) was observed in T2, T3 and T4 groups (1.68 Kg) over T1 (1.69 Kg). Similarly non-significant differences were observed in birds fed with experimental diets with regard to feed efficiency expressed as Kg feed consumed for Kg egg produced. The total protein was reduced by 7.33% in control (T1) but increased in T2, T3 and T4 by 2.60, 1.19 and 2.58% respectively. There was no significant difference observed among the treatment groups. The serum cholesterol increased by 0.56% in control (T1) but reduced in T2, T3 and T4 by 2.39, 6.22 and 8.82% respectively. During 47-58 weeks of age significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher body weights (g) were observed in T1 (1296) and lower body weight was observed in T4 (1234) group. There was no significant difference in feed consumption and income over feed cost per 12 eggs produced among different treatments. Income over feed cost/12 eggs in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 4.91, 5.13, 5.09 and 5.06 respectively. Percent improvement in income over the control (T1) was T2 (4.51), T3 (3.83) and T4 (3.14). There was no mortality observed in all the groups during the experimental period and birds did not show any illness on probiotic addition. Better performance of the birds, reduced cholesterol contents and improved relative economics over control suggest that 50g of probiotic addition to one ton of layer diet is beneficial without any adverse effects during post peak production. The inclusion of probiotics can replace the usage of antibiotics in poultry feeds.

Keywords: Probiotic; Layers; Post peak production; Feed efficiency; Serum cholesterol; Serum protein.

Tissue culture technology is used for selection and rapid multiplication. In India the micro propagation technique has gained momentum to reoccupy the monopoly in Gymnema tissue culture at global level. It is able to regenerate millions of copies to ensure in a decade of time with high yielding with shorter duration. There is a tremendous demand for natural anti diabetic agents, because it have reducing blood sugar and are used as an anti diabetic agent in Indian medicine, improvement of cultivation is carried out by the in-vitro culturing or tissue culture technique. In-vitro studies or micro propagation of Gymnema were conducted at Agricultural College & Research institute, Killikulam at 2001. The shoot tip and nodal segments were collected and used as explants. These explants of Gymnema were inoculated in MS medium (Murashige and Shoog, 1962) supplemented with Kinetin (2.5 mg/lit), NAA (1 mg/lit), and GA3 (2.0 mg/lit) gave the better results for callus induction and shoot formation.

Keywords: Gymnema; Tissue culture; Kinetin; NAA.

An analysis was performed to study the herd structure of Kankrej cattle at Cattle Breeding Farm of Gujarat State. The data were collected from Cattle Breeding Farm, Thara (Gujarat). Data were collected from Livestock records from January 2003 to December 2013. The herd strength ranged between 118.00 to 195.67.00 with a mean of 149.02 ± 08.38 units. The average herd composition includes cow, heifer (above two year), heifer (1-2 year), heifer calf, male (above two year), male (1-2 year), male calf, breeding bull and bullock/teaser was 71.00 ± 4.19, 33.70 ± 2.54, 06.12 ± 0.49, 04.93 ± 0.18, 07.61 ± 1.51, 05.39 ± 1.11, 05.21 ± 0.67, 06.32 ± 0.61 and 08.73 ± 2.80 units, respectively. The average proportion of animals against respective categories was 47.65, 22.61, 04.11, 03.31, 03.62, 03.50, 04.24, 05.11 and 05.86 per cent. Female: male ratio was found to be 71: 29.

Keywords: Herd structure; Kankrej; LRS.

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of sea buckthorn leaf meal (SBTLM) supplementation on hen house and hen day egg production in ninety coloured Chabro adult breeder hens and 18 viable cocks in 1:5 sex ratio were randomly distributed into three dietary treatment groups: Control (Basal), standard breeder diet (BIS, 2007); basal+ 0.5% and basal+1.0% SBTLM. The average egg production during 5th week were significantly higher (p<0.01) in basal diet+1.0% SBTLM supplemented group (72.86) as compared to basal diet+0.5% SBTLM and control or basal diet groups (56.67 and 62.3). However, during 11th and 12th week of experimental feeding, the weekly hen house egg production were significantly higher (p<0.01) in both the SBTLM supplemented groups than the control group. The overall egg production up to the 12th week of experimentation were significantly higher (p<0.01) in basal diet +1.0% SBTLM supplemented groups as compared tocontrol group. During the experimental study period, there was no mortality in any treatment group. Hence, the hen day egg production per week and phase wise hen day egg production per week was equal to the hen house egg production per week and phase wise egg production per week, respectively.

Keywords: Coloured chicken; Breeder; Chabro and sea buckthorn.