Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology

Present article reports the case of bilateral cryptorchidism in German shepherd dog and its diagnosis using manual palpation of scrotum, real time B-mode ultrasonography. Cryptorchidism is common congenital condition affecting overall reproduction, excessive sexual behaviour also can show some aggressive behaviour.

Animal environment is affected by climatic factors that include temperature, humidity, radiation and wind movement. Dairy animals generate heat from two sources viz. the environmental temperature and humidity, and their internal body metabolism and digestion. Within the thermo-neutral zone, the production and loss of heat from animal's body is about equal. Within this zone, animals are able to maintain a normal body temperature of 38.5-39.3°C relatively easily. When more heat accumulates than the animal can dissipate, heat stress occurs. Extreme climatic conditions can alter energy transfer between the animal and its environment and might have deleterious effect on growth, production and reproduction in dairy animals. Animals mostly suffers from heat stress condition so warm & humid climatic conditions are highly detrimental effects on animals performances. One of the major contributors of milk in India is buffalo and crossbred cattle, but they are highly susceptible to hot, humid and cold climate. To unwind the effect of climatic stress, the mechanism of thermoregulation takes place within the animal body to reduce the detrimental effects on reduced milk production, milk fat content, impaired reproductive performance and making the animal more susceptible to various health problems (Naqvi et al., 2012).8 Feeding and management interventions in terms of nutritional modification, housing arrangement may curtail the adverse effect of climate change on growth, productive & reproductive performances in dairy animals. In Indian subcontinent, heat stress is the most important climatic stress. Heat stress adversely affecting productive and reproductive performance of livestock, and hence reducing the total area where high yielding dairy cattle may be economically reared. The livestock sector which will be a sufferer of climate change is itself a large source of methane emissions contributing about 18% of total enteric methane budget.

The Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area in the Upper Gangetic plain, near Bahraich city in Bahraich district of Uttar Pradesh, India and covers an area of 400.6 km2 (154.7 sq mi) in the Terai of the Bahraich district. In 1987, it was brought under the purview of the ‘Project Tiger’, and together with the Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary and the Dudhwa National Park it forms the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve. It was established in 1975. The Katerniaghat Forest provides strategic connectivity between tiger habitats of Dudhwa and Kishanpur in India and the Bardia National Park in Nepal. Its fragile Terai ecosystem comprises a mosaic of sal and teak forests, lush grasslands, numerous swamps and wetlands. Keeping this in mind the authors surveyed with thirty-nine Angiospermic host plants representing thirty-nine genera and twenty families being parasitized by forty fungal species representing thirty-fungal genera.

The present study was carried out in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The state was purposively selected because, broiler farming in Uttar Pradesh as already discussed is in developing stage as compared to southern, western and other north Indian states like Punjab, Haryana etc. There is a substantial gap in demand and supply of poultry meat and table eggs. Uttar Pradesh being the most populous state and having large Muslim population has huge potential for growth of poultry sector. The Eastern Plain Zone was selected purposively due to highest poultry population among all other zones. The Eastern Plain Zone comprises of 12 districts namely Ambedkarnagar, Azamgarh, Ballia, Barabanki, Chandauli, Faizabad, Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Mau, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Sultanpur and Varanasi. For the present study, three districts viz. Sultanpur, Amethi and Pratpagarh were selected purposively out of 12 districts, on the basis of poultry population. Two blocks Mahrajganj and Bilariyaganj from Azamgarh district and another two Kashi Vidyapeeth and Pindra from Varanasi district were selected, purposively on the basis of poultry population and intensity of contract broiler farmers. From each block, two lists, one of contract broiler farmers and other of non-contract broiler fanners were prepared. From each list 10 contract and 10 non-contract poultry farmers having at least 2000 birds and two years of experience in poultry farming were selected randomly. Thus from each block 20 farmers (10 contract and 10 non-contract) were selected which make the total sample size of 120 broiler farmers (60 contract and 60 non-contract)