Journal of Emergency and Trauma Nursing

Pain is a subjective feeling, and there are no physical tools or instruments available to measure pain. Pain assessment in the clinical setting is a crucial step in the management of pain in inpatient as well as outpatients setting. Pain is accepted as a fifth vital sign in the healthcare setting, like other vital signs, pain can not be measured by any instrument because of a subjective nature as other vital signs are objective in nature. Adequate and accurate assessment and documentation, and thereupon management of pain ensures that each and every patient, from acute to chronic illnesses including terminal ill patients, hasbenefitted from efficacious pain-relieving measures. It has been estimated that 18 million people globally have cancer pain, and in that proportion, approximately 60% to 90% of the pain is caused by advanced tumors and 30% caused by mild and/or moderate tumors that can be treated by medical surgical or other therapy. Pain is classified as nociceptive and neuropathic based on the fundamental pathophysiology of pain. Assessment of pain can be done in three ways, Self-report, Behavioural how the patient behaves, and Physiological clinical observations. Conclusion: Pain is a worldwide health issue. Pain assessment & Management requires the attention of health professionals. Pain is one of the most common under evaluated vital signs in the health care sector. Under evaluation causes, discomfort to the patient as well as psychiatric problems, Better evaluation of pain stimulates good therapeutic management of it which improves the quality of life among patients pain assessment & management is complex, there are varieties of factors that affect pain assessment and management services thus a deeper understanding of the barriers and overcoming to this barrieris required for proper and effective pain management services.

Burns are one of the leading cause of morbidity and death in children. Every physician and surgeon should always have a basic knowledge about the care of thermally injured child. Burn injury is a chronic disease requiring long term treatment and supervised rehabilitation, reconstructive surgery and psychosocial support. Keywords: Thermal injury; Cyclic Negative Pressure; Wound Therapy.

Context: Menopause is a significant life event affecting millions of women globally.Menopausal transition is a difficult process and has a considerable variation among women regarding the manifestation of menopausal signs and symptoms. Aims: Evaluate the effectiveness of computer assisted teaching on menopausal transition among women residing at selected rural community. Methods and Material: A double blind study was conducted among women aged 40-55 years residing at Tarsika rural community, Amritsar, Punjab. The research design was true experimental i.e. Randomized controlled trial design. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 300 samples for the study. The tool used for the study was menopause rating scale. Computer assisted teaching was given to the experimental group immediately after pretest. Post-test I and II was conducted after one month and third month respectively. Statistical analysis used: The data gathered was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Results revealed that in the control group, majority of women (42.7%, 47.3% and 58.7%) had severe and moderate level of menopausal transition during pretest, posttest-I and posttest-II respectively where as in experimental group, majority of women (48.7%) had severe level of menopausal transition during pretest but there was a marked change observed in the posttest-I and II level of menopausal transition. After computer assisted teaching in the experimental group, majority of women had mild level of menopausal transition (70.7% and 72.7%) in post-test I and post-test II. Conclusion: The findings revealed that the provision of computer assisted teaching has reduced the severity of menopausal symptoms and very effective during menopausal transition.

Skin grafting are most common surgeries performed in field of plastic surgery. Post-operatively patient may need to maintain the particular position to preserve the viability of the Skin grafts to prevent the direct pressure application over the recently raised loco regional flap. Skin grafts over the back will be very cumbersome for the patient postoperatively to maintain the prone and lateral position to prevent the direct pressure over the Skin grafts. In this case report we will assess the role innovative splint to prevent the application of direct pressure over skin grafts in lower back. Keywords: Flaps; Protective splints; Innovation.