Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical, or biological changes in air quality i.e. contamination of air by harmful gases, dust, and smoke which affects plants, animals, and humans drastically. Air pollution is one of the major problems which affect animal health, production, and reproduction parameters throughout the world. Air pollutants may be an anthropogenic, biogenic, or geogenic source that is either not part of the natural atmosphere or is present in higher concentrations than in the natural atmosphere and can have harmful effects in the short or long term on living creatures. Mostly inhalation triggers health problems in animals as well as in human beings also, but occasionally deposition of particulate matter from industrial exhaust on pasture land may also affect health directly or indirectly. Pollutants may enter the animal’s body system by inhalation or ingestion mechanism and affects mostly the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Particulate matter (dust) and Bioaerosols are also responsible for reduced growth and increased morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease and abscesses in animals and human beings. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and unplanned and excessive exploitation of natural resources have been causing pollution problems in cities and towns of developing countries.

• 1.   Almquist, H.J., Givens, J.W. and Klose, A., 1934. Transmission of light by egg albumen. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 26(8), pp.847-848.
• 2.   Boivin, X., Lensink, J., Tallet, C. and Veissier, I., 2003. Stockmanship and farm animal welfare. Animal Welfare-Potters Bar Then Wheathampstead-, 12(4), pp.479-492.
• 3.   Builtjes, P., 2003. The Problem – Air Pollution. Chapter 1 of Air Quality Modeling – Theories, Methodologies, Computational Techniques, and Available Databases and Software. Vol I – Fundamentals (P. Zannetti, Editor). EnviroComp Institute (http:// www.envirocomp.org/) and Air & Waste Management Association
• 4.   Carlile F.S. 1984. Ammonia in poultry houses: a literature review. World Poultry Science 40:99 – 113.
• 5.   Carson T.L., 1998. Toxic Gases in Current Veterinary Therapy: Food Animal Practice 4. W B Saunders. p. 247-249.
• 6.   Charles, D.R., Payne, C.G., 1966. The influence of graded levels of atmospheric ammonia on chickens. I. Effects on respiration and on the performance of boilers and replacement growing stock. Br. Poult. Sci. 7 (3), 177–187.
• 7.   Coghlin, C.L., 1944. Hydrogen sulphide poisoning in cattle. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science, 8(4), p.111.
• 8.   Curtis S.E, Anderson CR, Simon J, Jensen AH, Day DL, Kelley KW., 1975. Effects of aerial ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and swine–house dust on rate of gain and respiratory tract structure in swine. J AnimSci 41(3):735 – 739.
• 9.   Curtis S.E., 1983. Environmental Management in Animal Agriculture. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. p. 266 – 268.
• 10.   Donham K.J., 1991. Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and productivity in swine. Am J Vet Res 52:1723-1730
• 11.   Donham K.J., 2000. The Concentration of Swine Production.Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 16:559-597.
• 12.   Drummond J.G, Curtis S.E, Meyer R.C, Simon J, Norton H.W.. 1981a. Effects of atmospheric ammonia on young pigs experimentally infected with Bordetellabronchiseptica. Am J Vet Res 42(6):963 – 968.
• 13.   Drummond J.G, Curtis S.E, Simon J, Norton H.W., 1980. Effects of aerial ammonia on growth and health of young pigs. J AnimSci 50(6):1085 – 1091.
• 14.   Drummond J.G, Curtis S.E, Simon J, Norton H.W., 1981b. Effects of atmospheric ammonia on young pigs experimentally infected with Ascarissuum. Am J Vet Res 42(6):969 – 974.
• 15.   Drummond J.G, Curtis S.E, Simon J., 1978. Effects of atmospheric ammonia on pulmonary bacterial clearance in the young pig. Am J Vet Res. 39:211 – 212.
• 16.   Gurk S, Brunsch R, Kaufman O., 1997. Systematic analysis of trace gases in dairy cow housing. Landtechhnik 52: 206-207.
• 17.   Hamilton T.D.C, Roe J.M, Webster A.F., 1996. The synergistic role of gaseous ammonia in the aetiology of Pasterellamultocidainduced atrophic rhinitis in swine. J ClinMicrobiol 43:2185 – 2190.
• 18.   Hauser R.H, Folsch D.W. 1988. Methods for measuring atmospheric ammonia in poultry houses: review and approved practices. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 35: 579 – 593.
• 19.   Hoff, S.J., Bundy, D.S., Nelson, M.A., Zelle, B.C., Jacobson, L.D., Heber, A.J., Ni, J.-Q., Jones JB, Wathes CM, Webster AJF.,1997. Behavioral responses of pigs to atmospheric ammonia. In Livestock Environment V, vol II, ed. By RW Bottcher and SJ Hoff. American Society of agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan. P. 875 – 882.
• 20.   Innes, J., 1936. Dust disease–pulmonary lesions and coughing in pigs. Vet. Rec, 49, pp.1473- 1475.
• 21.   Kesselmeier, J., Kuhn, U., Wolf, A., Andreae, M.O., Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Vasconcellos, P.D.C. and de Oliva, T., 2000. Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOC) at a remote tropical forest site in central Amazonia. Atmospheric Environment, 34(24), pp.4063- 4072.
• 22.   Klentz, R.D. and Fedde, M.R., 1978. Hydrogen sulfide: effects on avian respiratory control and intrapulmonary CO2 receptors. Respiration physiology, 32(3), pp.355-367.
• 23.   Koerkamp PWGG, Metz JHM, Uenk GH, Phillips VR, Holden MR, Sneath RW, Short JL, White RP, Hartung J, Seedorf J, Schroder M, Linkert KH, Pedersen S, Takai H, Johnson JO, Wathes CM. 1998. Concentrations and emissions of ammonia in livestock buildings in Nothern Europe. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 70:79-95.
• 24.   Lee, C., Giles, L.R., Bryden, W.L., Downing, J.L., Owens, P.C., Kirby, A.C., Wynn, P.C., 2005. Performance and endocrine responses of group housed weaner pigs exposed to the air quality of a commercial environment. Livest. Prod. Sci. 93 (3), 255–262.
• 25.   Lillie R.J. 1972. Air Pollutants Affecting the Performance of Domestic Animals. Agricultural Handbook No. 380. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
• 26.   Lillie, L.E. and Thomson, R.G., 1972. The pulmonary clearance of bacteria by calves and mice. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 36(2), p.129.
• 27.   Maghirang, R.G., Puma, M.C., Liu, Y. and Clark, P., 1997. Dust concentrations and particle size distribution in an enclosed swine nursery. Transactions of the ASAE, 40(3), pp.749-754.
• 28.   Marschang, F., 1973. Review: ammonia, losses, and production in large animal stables. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 80, pp.73-120.
• 29.   Nagaraja, K.V., Emery, D.A., Jordan, K.A., Newman, J.A. and Pomeroy, B.S., 1983. Scanning electron microscopic studies of adverse effects of ammonia on tracheal tissues of turkeys. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 44(8), pp.1530-1536.
• 30.   Nagaraja, K.V., Emery, D.A., Jordan, K.A., Sivanandan, V., Newman, J.A. and Pomeroy, B.S., 1984. Effect of ammonia on the quantitative clearance of Escherichia coli from lungs, air sacs, and livers of turkeys aerosol vaccinated against Escherichia coli. American journal of veterinary research, 45(2), pp.392-395.
• 31.   O'donoghue, J.G., 1961. Hydrogen sulphide in swine. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science, 25(9), p.217– 219.
• 32.   Peterson, W.H., Thomas, R.W. and Anderson, R.F., 1949. Yellow gas from corn silage. Hoard's Dairyman, 94(Dec. 10), pp.870-871.
• 33.   Sayers, R.R., Mitchell, C.W. and Yant, W.P., 1923. Hydrogen sulfide as an industrial poison (Vol. 2491). US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
• 34.   Shen, D., Wu, S., Li, Z.J., Tang, Q., Dai, P.Y., Li, Y.S., Li, C.M., 2019. Distribution and size distribution in an enclosed swine nursery. Trans. ASAE 40 (3), 749–754.
• 35.   Singh, D.N., Kumar Ajay, Singh,Y., Mamta & Sirohi, R. (2017). Nutritional Management of the Transition cow for optimum Health & Production. Journal of Animal feed & Technology. Vol. 5(1) pp 25-30.
• 36.   Urbain B, Gustin P, Prouvost JF, Ansay M. 1994. Quantitative assessment of aerial ammonia toxicity to the nasal mucosa by the use of the nasal gavage method in pigs. Am J Vet Res 55:1335 – 1340.
• 37.   USEPA. 2010. Particulate matter. http://www. epa.gov/p
• 38.   Veit, H.P., Kornegay, E.T. and Collins, E.R., 1985. Air quality, pig health and performance in triple deck nurseries. Transactions of the ASAE, 28(4), pp.1259-1264.
• 39.   Wathes CM, Phillips VR, Holden MR, Sneath RW, Short JL, White RP, Hartung J, Seedorf J, Schroder M, Caspary V, Linke S. 1998. Emissions of aerial pollutants in livestock buildings in Northern Europe: Overview of a multinational project. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 70:3-9.
• 40.   Wei, F.X., Hu, X.F., Xu, B., Zhang, M.H., Li, S.Y., Sun, Q.Y., Lin, P., 2015. Ammonia concentration and relative humidity in poultry houses affect the immune response of broilers. Genet. Mol. Res. 14 (2), 3160–3169.
• 41.   White, E.G., 1940. Aspiration of Plant Material by Young Calves and the Resulting Tissue Changes in the Lungs. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 51, pp.458-460.
• 42.   Zhang, Y.H., Koziel, J.A., Beasley, D.B., 2006. Emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor before, during and after slurry removal from a deep-pit swine finisher. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 56 (5), 581–590.

Funding

Below is the link to the supplementary material.